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GPT-4 Technical Report

Written for the Research library (claude-opus-5-5) from the paper text, in our own words: the license "arXiv — non-exclusive licence to distribute" does not allow redistributing the text itself. Original — arxiv.org/pdf/2303.08774

Summary

OpenAI introduces GPT-4, a large multimodal Transformer that accepts images and text and produces text. The aim is a general-purpose model that copes with complex, nuanced language tasks. It was pre-trained on next-token prediction using public internet data and licensed third-party data, then aligned with RLHF. The report deliberately omits architecture, model size, hardware, compute and dataset details, citing competition and safety. A central engineering contribution is a training stack whose behaviour scales predictably. Power-law fits on far smaller runs let the team forecast GPT-4's final loss and part of its coding performance in advance. GPT-4 had no exam-specific training, and scores were checked for contamination. Even so, it often ranks among top human scorers on exams written for people. It also beats earlier models on standard NLP benchmarks, including translated versions of MMLU. Limitations remain: hallucinations, a bounded context window, and no learning after deployment. A companion system card describes risks and mitigations. For multilingual NLP, the results suggest strong transfer beyond English.

Key points

  • Exams: On a simulated Uniform Bar Exam, GPT-4 scored 298/400 (about the 90th percentile), while GPT-3.5 scored 213/400 (about the 10th). Contaminated questions were removed, and the lower of the two scores was reported.
  • Multilingual MMLU: MMLU covers 57 subjects. On machine-translated variants, GPT-4 exceeded the English-language state of the art in 24 of 26 languages.
  • Predictable scaling: Final loss on an internal codebase was forecast using L(C) = aC^b + c, fitted on models trained with up to 10,000× less compute. HumanEval pass rates were predicted from models with up to 1,000× less compute, across 6 difficulty buckets. GPT-4 underperformed the forecast only on the easiest bucket.
  • Inverse scaling: GPT-4 reverses the decline seen with scale on the Inverse Scaling Prize task Hindsight Neglect.
  • Weak spots: Codeforces rating was 392 (below the 5th percentile). AP English Language and AP English Literature scores were both 2, the same as GPT-3.5.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Other

Cited by

10299 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 383 of them have a page here, the first 100 below, 9916 not yet.

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2303.08774 · arXiv 2303.08774

@misc{openai2023gpt,
  title = {{GPT-4 Technical Report}},
  author = {OpenAI and Achiam, Josh and Adler, Steven and Agarwal, Sandhini and Ahmad, Lama and Akkaya, Ilge and Aleman, Florencia Leoni and Almeida, Diogo and Altenschmidt, Janko and Altman, Sam and Anadkat, Shyamal and Avila, Red and Babuschkin, Igor and Balaji, Suchir and Balcom, Valerie and Baltescu, Paul and Bao, Haiming and Bavarian, Mohammad and Belgum, Jeff and Bello, Irwan and Berdine, Jake and Bernadett-Shapiro, Gabriel and Berner, Christopher and Bogdonoff, Lenny and Boiko, Oleg and Boyd, Madelaine and Brakman, Anna-Luisa and Brockman, Greg and Brooks, Tim and Brundage, Miles and Button, Kevin and Cai, Trevor and Campbell, Rosie and Cann, Andrew and Carey, Brittany and Carlson, Chelsea and Carmichael, Rory and Chan, Brooke and Chang, Che and Chantzis, Fotis and Chen, Derek and Chen, Sully and Chen, Ruby and Chen, Jason and Chen, Mark and Chess, Ben and Cho, Chester and Chu, Casey and Chung, Hyung Won and Cummings, Dave and Currier, Jeremiah and Dai, Yunxing and Decareaux, Cory and Degry, Thomas and Deutsch, Noah and Deville, Damien and Dhar, Arka and Dohan, David and Dowling, Steve and Dunning, Sheila and Ecoffet, Adrien and Eleti, Atty and Eloundou, Tyna and Farhi, David and Fedus, Liam and Felix, Niko and Fishman, Simón Posada and Forte, Juston and Fulford, Isabella and Gao, Leo and Georges, Elie and Gibson, Christian and Goel, Vik and Gogineni, Tarun and Goh, Gabriel and Gontijo-Lopes, Rapha and Gordon, Jonathan and Grafstein, Morgan and Gray, Scott and Greene, Ryan and Gross, Joshua and Gu, Shixiang Shane and Guo, Yufei and Hallacy, Chris and Han, Jesse and Harris, Jeff and He, Yuchen and Heaton, Mike and Heidecke, Johannes and Hesse, Chris and Hickey, Alan and Hickey, Wade and Hoeschele, Peter and Houghton, Brandon and Hsu, Kenny and Hu, Shengli and Hu, Xin and Huizinga, Joost and Jain, Shantanu and Jain, Shawn and Jang, Joanne and Jiang, Angela and Jiang, Roger and Jin, Haozhun and Jin, Denny and Jomoto, Shino and Jonn, Billie and Jun, Heewoo and Kaftan, Tomer and Kaiser, Łukasz and Kamali, Ali and Kanitscheider, Ingmar and Keskar, Nitish Shirish and Khan, Tabarak and Kilpatrick, Logan and Kim, Jong Wook and Kim, Christina and Kim, Yongjik and Kirchner, Jan Hendrik and Kiros, Jamie and Knight, Matt and Kokotajlo, Daniel and Kondraciuk, Łukasz and Kondrich, Andrew and Konstantinidis, Aris and Kosic, Kyle and Krueger, Gretchen and Kuo, Vishal and Lampe, Michael and Lan, Ikai and Lee, Teddy and Leike, Jan and Leung, Jade and Levy, Daniel and Li, Chak Ming and Lim, Rachel and Lin, Molly and Lin, Stephanie and Litwin, Mateusz and Lopez, Theresa and Lowe, Ryan and Lue, Patricia and Makanju, Anna and Malfacini, Kim and Manning, Sam and Markov, Todor and Markovski, Yaniv and Martin, Bianca and Mayer, Katie and Mayne, Andrew and McGrew, Bob and McKinney, Scott Mayer and McLeavey, Christine and McMillan, Paul and McNeil, Jake and Medina, David and Mehta, Aalok and Menick, Jacob and Metz, Luke and Mishchenko, Andrey and Mishkin, Pamela and Monaco, Vinnie and Morikawa, Evan and Mossing, Daniel and Mu, Tong and Murati, Mira and Murk, Oleg and Mély, David and Nair, Ashvin and Nakano, Reiichiro and Nayak, Rajeev and Neelakantan, Arvind and Ngo, Richard and Noh, Hyeonwoo and Ouyang, Long and O'Keefe, Cullen and Pachocki, Jakub and Paino, Alex and Palermo, Joe and Pantuliano, Ashley and Parascandolo, Giambattista and Parish, Joel and Parparita, Emy and Passos, Alex and Pavlov, Mikhail and Peng, Andrew and Perelman, Adam and Peres, Filipe de Avila Belbute and Petrov, Michael and Pinto, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira and Michael and Pokorny and Pokrass, Michelle and Pong, Vitchyr H. and Powell, Tolly and Power, Alethea and Power, Boris and Proehl, Elizabeth and Puri, Raul and Radford, Alec and Rae, Jack and Ramesh, Aditya and Raymond, Cameron and Real, Francis and Rimbach, Kendra and Ross, Carl and Rotsted, Bob and Roussez, Henri and Ryder, Nick and Saltarelli, Mario and Sanders, Ted and Santurkar, Shibani and Sastry, Girish and Schmidt, Heather and Schnurr, David and Schulman, John and Selsam, Daniel and Sheppard, Kyla and Sherbakov, Toki and Shieh, Jessica and Shoker, Sarah and Shyam, Pranav and Sidor, Szymon and Sigler, Eric and Simens, Maddie and Sitkin, Jordan and Slama, Katarina and Sohl, Ian and Sokolowsky, Benjamin and Song, Yang and Staudacher, Natalie and Such, Felipe Petroski and Summers, Natalie and Sutskever, Ilya and Tang, Jie and Tezak, Nikolas and Thompson, Madeleine B. and Tillet, Phil and Tootoonchian, Amin and Tseng, Elizabeth and Tuggle, Preston and Turley, Nick and Tworek, Jerry and Uribe, Juan Felipe Cerón and Vallone, Andrea and Vijayvergiya, Arun and Voss, Chelsea and Wainwright, Carroll and Wang, Justin Jay and Wang, Alvin and Wang, Ben and Ward, Jonathan and Wei, Jason and Weinmann, CJ and Welihinda, Akila and Welinder, Peter and Weng, Jiayi and Weng, Lilian and Wiethoff, Matt and Willner, Dave and Winter, Clemens and Wolrich, Samuel and Wong, Hannah and Workman, Lauren and Wu, Sherwin and Wu, Jeff and Wu, Michael and Xiao, Kai and Xu, Tao and Yoo, Sarah and Yu, Kevin and Yuan, Qiming and Zaremba, Wojciech and Zellers, Rowan and Zhang, Chong and Zhang, Marvin and Zhao, Shengjia and Zheng, Tianhao and Zhuang, Juntang and Zhuk, William and Zoph, Barret},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2303.08774},
  eprint = {2303.08774},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.08774}
}

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