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Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models

Written for the Research library (claude-opus-5-5) from the paper text. Original — arxiv.org/pdf/2206.07682

Summary

Scaling laws usually describe language model performance improving smoothly as models grow. This paper looks at the cases where that doesn't happen. The authors call an ability "emergent" if small models lack it and larger ones have it, which means you can't forecast it by extending the trend from smaller models. They don't train any new models. Instead they collect published results and plot task performance against training compute (FLOPs) and parameter count for GPT-3, LaMDA, Gopher, Chinchilla and PaLM. On these curves, emergent tasks stay at chance level and then rise sharply once a model passes a certain size, much like a phase transition. Most examples come from few-shot prompting. Some come from augmented methods such as chain-of-thought, instruction tuning and scratchpads, which only help large models. The authors say the threshold isn't fixed and depends on data quality and how the model is trained. The survey matters because more scaling, better data or better prompting could unlock new skills. It also means model capabilities, including risky ones, are harder to predict.

Key points

  • BIG-Bench arithmetic (3-digit addition and subtraction, 2-digit multiplication): accuracy stays near zero until about 2·10²² FLOPs (13B parameters) for GPT-3 and 10²³ FLOPs (68B) for LaMDA. IPA transliteration, word unscrambling and Persian QA jump at similar scales.
  • MMLU (57 subjects): GPT-3, Gopher and Chinchilla models with about 10B parameters or fewer score at chance. They only clearly beat chance at 70B–280B parameters (3–5·10²³ FLOPs).
  • WiC: GPT-3 and Chinchilla stay at chance even at about 5·10²³ FLOPs. Only PaLM 540B (2.5·10²⁴ FLOPs) does better than random.
  • TruthfulQA: only the largest Gopher model (280B) beats chance, by more than 20 points.
  • Scale and data both matter: Chinchilla has a quarter of Gopher's parameters but uses similar compute. Persian QA needed both PaLM's training data and 62B parameters. Many BIG-Bench "frontier" tasks (listed in Appendix E.4) are still unsolved, and the paper's own analyses don't explain why emergence happens.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Mathematics & statistics

Cited by

1227 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 88 of them have a page here, 1139 not yet.

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2206.07682 · arXiv 2206.07682

@misc{wei2022emergent,
  title = {{Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models}},
  author = {Wei, Jason and Tay, Yi and Bommasani, Rishi and Raffel, Colin and Zoph, Barret and Borgeaud, Sebastian and Yogatama, Dani and Bosma, Maarten and Zhou, Denny and Metzler, Donald and Chi, Ed H. and Hashimoto, Tatsunori and Vinyals, Oriol and Liang, Percy and Dean, Jeff and Fedus, William},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2206.07682},
  eprint = {2206.07682},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2206.07682}
}

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