Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models
Written for the Research library (claude-opus-5-5) from the paper text. Original — arxiv.org/pdf/2206.07682
Summary
Scaling laws usually describe language model performance improving smoothly as models grow. This paper looks at the cases where that doesn't happen. The authors call an ability "emergent" if small models lack it and larger ones have it, which means you can't forecast it by extending the trend from smaller models. They don't train any new models. Instead they collect published results and plot task performance against training compute (FLOPs) and parameter count for GPT-3, LaMDA, Gopher, Chinchilla and PaLM. On these curves, emergent tasks stay at chance level and then rise sharply once a model passes a certain size, much like a phase transition. Most examples come from few-shot prompting. Some come from augmented methods such as chain-of-thought, instruction tuning and scratchpads, which only help large models. The authors say the threshold isn't fixed and depends on data quality and how the model is trained. The survey matters because more scaling, better data or better prompting could unlock new skills. It also means model capabilities, including risky ones, are harder to predict.
Key points
- BIG-Bench arithmetic (3-digit addition and subtraction, 2-digit multiplication): accuracy stays near zero until about 2·10²² FLOPs (13B parameters) for GPT-3 and 10²³ FLOPs (68B) for LaMDA. IPA transliteration, word unscrambling and Persian QA jump at similar scales.
- MMLU (57 subjects): GPT-3, Gopher and Chinchilla models with about 10B parameters or fewer score at chance. They only clearly beat chance at 70B–280B parameters (3–5·10²³ FLOPs).
- WiC: GPT-3 and Chinchilla stay at chance even at about 5·10²³ FLOPs. Only PaLM 540B (2.5·10²⁴ FLOPs) does better than random.
- TruthfulQA: only the largest Gopher model (280B) beats chance, by more than 20 points.
- Scale and data both matter: Chinchilla has a quarter of Gopher's parameters but uses similar compute. Persian QA needed both PaLM's training data and 62B parameters. Many BIG-Bench "frontier" tasks (listed in Appendix E.4) are still unsolved, and the paper's own analyses don't explain why emergence happens.
Cited by
- Quiet-STaR: Language models can teach themselves to think before speaking
- The Falcon Series of Open Language Models
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- A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivity
- Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4
- Weak-to-Strong Generalization: Eliciting Strong Capabilities With Weak Supervision
- A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Models
- TheoremQA: A Theorem-driven Question Answering Dataset
- DoLa: Decoding by Contrasting Layers Improves Factuality in Large Language Models
- Promptagator: Few-shot Dense Retrieval From 8 Examples
- DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning
- RAFT: Reward rAnked FineTuning for Generative Foundation Model Alignment
- A Survey on In-context Learning
- Faith and Fate: Limits of Transformers on Compositionality
- Complexity-Based Prompting for Multi-Step Reasoning
- Specializing Smaller Language Models towards Multi-Step Reasoning
- MiniLLM: On-Policy Distillation of Large Language Models
- FOLIO: Natural Language Reasoning with First-Order Logic
- How does GPT-2 compute greater-than?: Interpreting mathematical abilities in a pre-trained language model
- OlympiadBench: A Challenging Benchmark for Promoting AGI with Olympiad-Level Bilingual Multimodal Scientific Problems
- Not All Languages Are Created Equal in LLMs: Improving Multilingual Capability by Cross-Lingual-Thought Prompting
- Large Language Models Can Self-Improve
- Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Survey
- TrustLLM: Trustworthiness in Large Language Models
- Adaptive-RAG: Learning to Adapt Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models through Question Complexity
- Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generation
- A Survey on Large Language Models for Code Generation
- Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models
- ChatGPT Beyond English: Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models in Multilingual Learning
- Okapi: Instruction-tuned Large Language Models in Multiple Languages with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback
- CAMEL: Communicative Agents for "Mind" Exploration of Large Language Model Society
- DeepInception: Hypnotize Large Language Model to Be Jailbreaker
- Deductive Verification of Chain-of-Thought Reasoning
- Trustworthy LLMs: a Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models' Alignment
- Chameleon: Plug-and-Play Compositional Reasoning with Large Language Models
- MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts
- Improve Mathematical Reasoning in Language Models by Automated Process Supervision
- LLM-Pruner: On the Structural Pruning of Large Language Models
- Augmented Language Models: a Survey
- Orca 2: Teaching Small Language Models How to Reason
- Progress measures for grokking via mechanistic interpretability
- A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models
- CulturaX: A Cleaned, Enormous, and Multilingual Dataset for Large Language Models in 167 Languages
- GPT-4 Technical Report
- Logic-LM: Empowering Large Language Models with Symbolic Solvers for Faithful Logical Reasoning
- Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap
- Towards Making the Most of ChatGPT for Machine Translation
- DIN-SQL: Decomposed In-Context Learning of Text-to-SQL with Self-Correction
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- Reasoning with Language Model Prompting: A Survey
- Tool Learning with Foundation Models
- Leveraging Large Language Models for Multiple Choice Question Answering
- Are Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models a Mirage?
- Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools
- Personality Traits in Large Language Models
- Role-Play with Large Language Models
- HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and its Friends in Hugging Face
- Language Models are Multilingual Chain-of-Thought Reasoners
- Distilling Reasoning Capabilities into Smaller Language Models
- Prompting GPT-3 To Be Reliable
- Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Them
- SALMONN: Towards Generic Hearing Abilities for Large Language Models
- UL2: Unifying Language Learning Paradigms
- DecodingTrust: A Comprehensive Assessment of Trustworthiness in GPT Models
- SCOTT: Self-Consistent Chain-of-Thought Distillation
- Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models
- Jailbroken: How Does LLM Safety Training Fail?
- Larger language models do in-context learning differently
- A Prompt Pattern Catalog to Enhance Prompt Engineering with ChatGPT
- BloombergGPT: A Large Language Model for Finance
- The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey
- Self-Evaluation Guided Beam Search for Reasoning
- Retrieval meets Long Context Large Language Models
- Hallucination is Inevitable: An Innate Limitation of Large Language Models
- The Dawn of LMMs: Preliminary Explorations with GPT-4V(ision)
- Harnessing the Power of LLMs in Practice: A Survey on ChatGPT and Beyond
- Generate rather than Retrieve: Large Language Models are Strong Context Generators
- Scaling Relationship on Learning Mathematical Reasoning with Large Language Models
- GLM-130B: An Open Bilingual Pre-trained Model
- Active Example Selection for In-Context Learning
- Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Language Models
- Prompting Large Language Model for Machine Translation: A Case Study
- A Survey of Large Language Models
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- Large Language Models for Information Retrieval: A Survey
- MiniGPT-4: Enhancing Vision-Language Understanding with Advanced Large Language Models
- Multilingual Machine Translation with Large Language Models: Empirical Results and Analysis
Cite
@misc{wei2022emergent,
title = {{Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models}},
author = {Wei, Jason and Tay, Yi and Bommasani, Rishi and Raffel, Colin and Zoph, Barret and Borgeaud, Sebastian and Yogatama, Dani and Bosma, Maarten and Zhou, Denny and Metzler, Donald and Chi, Ed H. and Hashimoto, Tatsunori and Vinyals, Oriol and Liang, Percy and Dean, Jeff and Fedus, William},
year = {2022},
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2206.07682},
eprint = {2206.07682},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2206.07682}
}References
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