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Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code

Written for the Research library (claude-opus-5-5) from the paper text, in our own words: the license "arXiv — non-exclusive licence to distribute" does not allow redistributing the text itself. Original — arxiv.org/pdf/2107.03374

Summary

Code generation models were usually scored by how closely their output text matched a reference, for example with BLEU. That kind of score says little about whether the program actually runs correctly. The authors build Codex by fine-tuning GPT models of up to 12B parameters on public code from GitHub, and test it on Python tasks. For evaluation they release HumanEval, a set of hand-written problems. In each problem the model gets a function signature and docstring, writes the body, and is graded by unit tests. Results are reported as pass@k, using an unbiased estimator computed from 200 samples per task. All generated code runs in a sandbox based on gVisor. With a single attempt, Codex-12B solves 28.8% of the problems. GPT-3 solves none and GPT-J solves 11.4%. A further-tuned variant, Codex-S, reaches 37.7%. Sampling many candidates raises success substantially. The work made correctness measured by running tests the standard way to evaluate code LLMs, and Codex's descendants power GitHub Copilot.

Key points

  • HumanEval has 164 original problems with about 7.7 unit tests each, published at github.com/openai/human-eval. The problems were written by hand so that solutions would not already be in the GitHub training data.
  • pass@1 results: Codex-12B 28.8%, Codex-300M 13.2%, GPT-J (6B) 11.4%, GPT models close to 0%. Codex-S was additionally fine-tuned on correct standalone functions and scores 37.7%.
  • With 100 samples per problem, Codex solves 70.2% and Codex-S solves 77.5%, if any passing sample counts. Without running tests, choosing the sample with the highest mean log-probability still gets 44.5%.
  • BLEU is a poor guide to correctness: wrong programs often get higher BLEU scores than functionally correct ones.
  • Known weaknesses include docstrings that describe long chains of operations and binding operations to the right variables. The paper also discusses safety, security, and economic impacts.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Computing & GPUs

Topics: Machine translation

Cited by

2529 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 203 of them have a page here, the first 100 below, 2326 not yet.

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2107.03374 · arXiv 2107.03374

@misc{chen2021evaluating,
  title = {{Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code}},
  author = {Chen, Mark and Tworek, Jerry and Jun, Heewoo and Yuan, Qiming and Pinto, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira and Kaplan, Jared and Edwards, Harri and Burda, Yuri and Joseph, Nicholas and Brockman, Greg and Ray, Alex and Puri, Raul and Krueger, Gretchen and Petrov, Michael and Khlaaf, Heidy and Sastry, Girish and Mishkin, Pamela and Chan, Brooke and Gray, Scott and Ryder, Nick and Pavlov, Mikhail and Power, Alethea and Kaiser, Lukasz and Bavarian, Mohammad and Winter, Clemens and Tillet, Philippe and Such, Felipe Petroski and Cummings, Dave and Plappert, Matthias and Chantzis, Fotios and Barnes, Elizabeth and Herbert-Voss, Ariel and Guss, William Hebgen and Nichol, Alex and Paino, Alex and Tezak, Nikolas and Tang, Jie and Babuschkin, Igor and Balaji, Suchir and Jain, Shantanu and Saunders, William and Hesse, Christopher and Carr, Andrew N. and Leike, Jan and Achiam, Josh and Misra, Vedant and Morikawa, Evan and Radford, Alec and Knight, Matthew and Brundage, Miles and Murati, Mira and Mayer, Katie and Welinder, Peter and McGrew, Bob and Amodei, Dario and McCandlish, Sam and Sutskever, Ilya and Zaremba, Wojciech},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2107.03374},
  eprint = {2107.03374},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2107.03374}
}

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