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PaLM 2 Technical Report

Written for the Research library (claude-opus-5-5) from the paper text. Original — arxiv.org/pdf/2305.10403

Summary

Large language models had mostly improved by adding parameters and training on corpora that were mostly English. PaLM 2, Google's successor to PaLM, tests whether better data, better training objectives and better scaling choices can produce a stronger model that is also cheaper to run. The team repeated compute-optimal scaling experiments at larger compute budgets. They built a much more multilingual pre-training mixture that spans hundreds of languages and also includes source code, mathematics and parallel bilingual documents, and they deduplicated it. They trained a Transformer on a tuned blend of objectives inspired by UL2. The largest variant, PaLM 2-L, has fewer parameters than the biggest PaLM but used more training compute. On generation, translation, coding, reasoning and BIG-Bench tasks, PaLM 2 clearly beats PaLM and is faster at inference. The report also covers responsible-AI work, including toxicity control and memorization audits. For teams working on less-resourced languages, the main lesson is that a carefully balanced multilingual corpus can improve non-English quality without hurting English.

Key points

  • Scaling: the experiments found that, for a fixed compute budget, parameters and training tokens should grow at about the same rate (1:1). Earlier practice grew model size roughly three times faster than data.
  • Data: PaLM's non-code data was about 78% English. PaLM 2's mixture is far more varied in languages and domains, and larger models absorbed this extra non-English data without losing English performance.
  • Language exams: on C2-level (CEFR) proficiency tests in Chinese (HSK), Japanese (J-Test), French (TCF), Spanish (DELE) and Italian (PLIDA), PaLM 2 passed in every language tested. For example, it reached level A/special A on the Japanese exam, where PaLM got level F.
  • Toxicity control: special control tokens, added during only part of pre-training, let users steer toxicity at inference time with no extra cost and no loss of other abilities.
  • Memorization: canary sequences were inserted into the training data to measure memorization across languages. PaLM 2 reproduces training text word for word less often than PaLM.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Other

Cited by

812 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 80 of them have a page here, 732 not yet.

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2305.10403 · arXiv 2305.10403

@misc{anil2023palm,
  title = {{PaLM 2 Technical Report}},
  author = {Anil, Rohan and Dai, Andrew M. and Firat, Orhan and Johnson, Melvin and Lepikhin, Dmitry and Passos, Alexandre and Shakeri, Siamak and Taropa, Emanuel and Bailey, Paige and Chen, Zhifeng and Chu, Eric and Clark, Jonathan H. and Shafey, Laurent El and Huang, Yanping and Meier-Hellstern, Kathy and Mishra, Gaurav and Moreira, Erica and Omernick, Mark and Robinson, Kevin and Ruder, Sebastian and Tay, Yi and Xiao, Kefan and Xu, Yuanzhong and Zhang, Yujing and Abrego, Gustavo Hernandez and Ahn, Junwhan and Austin, Jacob and Barham, Paul and Botha, Jan and Bradbury, James and Brahma, Siddhartha and Brooks, Kevin and Catasta, Michele and Cheng, Yong and Cherry, Colin and Choquette-Choo, Christopher A. and Chowdhery, Aakanksha and Crepy, Clement and Dave, Shachi and Dehghani, Mostafa and Dev, Sunipa and Devlin, Jacob and Diaz, Mark and Du, Nan and Dyer, Ethan and Feinberg, Vlad and Feng, Fangxiaoyu and Fienber, Vlad and Freitag, Markus and Garcia, Xavier and Gehrmann, Sebastian and Gonzalez, Lucas and Gur-Ari, Guy and Hand, Steven and Hashemi, Hadi and Hou, Le and Howland, Joshua and Hu, Andrea and Hui, Jeffrey and Hurwitz, Jeremy and Isard, Michael and Ittycheriah, Abe and Jagielski, Matthew and Jia, Wenhao and Kenealy, Kathleen and Krikun, Maxim and Kudugunta, Sneha and Lan, Chang and Lee, Katherine and Lee, Benjamin and Li, Eric and Li, Music and Li, Wei and Li, YaGuang and Li, Jian and Lim, Hyeontaek and Lin, Hanzhao and Liu, Zhongtao and Liu, Frederick and Maggioni, Marcello and Mahendru, Aroma and Maynez, Joshua and Misra, Vedant and Moussalem, Maysam and Nado, Zachary and Nham, John and Ni, Eric and Nystrom, Andrew and Parrish, Alicia and Pellat, Marie and Polacek, Martin and Polozov, Alex and Pope, Reiner and Qiao, Siyuan and Reif, Emily and Richter, Bryan and Riley, Parker and Ros, Alex Castro and Roy, Aurko and Saeta, Brennan and Samuel, Rajkumar and Shelby, Renee and Slone, Ambrose and Smilkov, Daniel and So, David R. and Sohn, Daniel and Tokumine, Simon and Valter, Dasha and Vasudevan, Vijay and Vodrahalli, Kiran and Wang, Xuezhi and Wang, Pidong and Wang, Zirui and Wang, Tao and Wieting, John and Wu, Yuhuai and Xu, Kelvin and Xu, Yunhan and Xue, Linting and Yin, Pengcheng and Yu, Jiahui and Zhang, Qiao and Zheng, Steven and Zheng, Ce and Zhou, Weikang and Zhou, Denny and Petrov, Slav and Wu, Yonghui},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2305.10403},
  eprint = {2305.10403},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.10403}
}

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