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🧠 Language models & pretraining

1,079 papers · page 11 of 12 · 926–1025 · the most cited first · all topics

Models that learn a language from raw text, and how they are pretrained, tuned and prompted.

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  1. Contrastively Pre-trained Event Embeddings with Schema-free LLM AnnotationsFrank Mtumbuka, Steven Schockaert2026
  2. Controllable Sentence Simplification in Italian: Fine-Tuning Large Language Models on Automatically Generated ResourcesMichele Papucci, Giulia Venturi, Felice Dell'Orletta2026
  3. Crowdsourcing Piedmontese to Test LLMs on Non-Standard OrthographyGianluca Vico, Jindřich Libovický2026
  4. DAMETA: An LLM Benchmark for Danish Metaphor Interpretation with Systematically Varied DistractorsNina Skovgaard Schneidermann, Sanni Nimb, Nathalie Carmen Hau Norman, et al.2026
  5. Detecting Hallucinations in Authentic LLM–Human InteractionsYujie Ren, Niklas Gruhlke, Anne Lauscher2026
  6. Diff4TST: Masked Diffusion Language Model for Text Style TransferXinchen Ma, Gaole He, Yunshi Lan, et al.2026
  7. Discourse Structure Variation for Large Language Model Evaluation in Text Simplification (大模型文本简化的篇章结构变化分析与评测)Junhui Zhu (朱君辉), Erhong Yang (杨尔弘), Haonan Zhu (朱浩楠), et al.2026
  8. Do Factual Recall Mechanisms Carry over from Text to Speech in Multimodal Language Models?Luca Modica, Filip Landin, Mehrdad Farahani, et al.2026
  9. Do LLMs Use Relational Structure in KG-Grounded Dialogue? Evidence from Entity and Relation PerturbationDominic Okonkwo, Ismailcem Budak Arpinar2026
  10. Do Multimodal LLMs Understand Order? Measuring the Fragility of Multimodal Reasoning under Input Order PerturbationsSheng-Lun Wei, Yu-Ling Liao, Hen-Hsen Huang, et al.2026
  11. Dynamic Model Switching to Mitigate Outdated Knowledge in Large Language ModelsRamakrishna Pinninti, Sabyasachi Kamila, Ayan Mazumder, et al.2026
  12. EL-MIA: Quantifying Membership Inference Risks of Sensitive Entities in LLMsAli Satvaty, Suzan Verberne, Fatih Turkmen2026
  13. Enhancing the Role-playing Capabilities of Reasoning-optimized Large Language Models (推理型大语言模型角色扮演能力评估与优化)Xiachong Feng (冯夏冲), Yichong Huang (黄毅翀), Xiaocheng Feng (冯骁骋), et al.2026
  14. Entropy-aware Masking for Masked Language ModelingGokul Srinivasagan, Kai Hartung, Munir Georges2026
  15. Evaluating Discriminability of Vision-Language ModelsMasayasu Muraoka, Naoaki Okazaki2026
  16. Evaluating Humanities Theory Alignment in Large Language Models: Incremental Prompting and Statistical AssessmentAxel Pichler, Janis Pagel2026
  17. Evaluating LLM Style Transfer Through Readability-Based Age AssessmentsMaria Di Maro, Antonio Origlia, Leonilda Bilo, et al.2026
  18. Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Model Narrative Interpretation through the Lens of Appraisal TheoryJayant Teotia, Xiaowei Wang, Xulang Zhang, et al.2026
  19. Evaluating the Adaptability of Large Language Models to Linguistic VariationZiyan Xu, Marina Seghier, Alice Millour, et al.2026
  20. Evaluating the Effect of Question Wording Variations on Answer Consistency in Large Language ModelsJunya Takayama, Masaya Ohagi, Tomoya Mizumoto, et al.2026
  21. Evaluation Drift in LLM Personality Induction: Are We Moving the Goalpost?Prateek Kumar Rajput, Yewei Song, Iyiola Emmanuel Olatunji, et al.2026
  22. Evaluation of Multilingual Text Simplification for the Mental Health Domain: Exploring Small Language ModelsOlga Pelloni, Sandra Just, Lars Bongo2026
  23. Extending Czech Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis with Opinion Terms: Dataset and LLM BenchmarksJakub Šmíd, Pavel Priban, Pavel Kral2026
  24. Facilitating Large Language Model-based Multiple-choice Reading Comprehension with Question-solving Thought (基于解题思维机制的大语言模型多项选择阅读理解增强框架)Yisong Su (苏艺淞), Yuanzhe Zhang (张元哲), Xiangwen Liao (廖祥文), et al.2026
  25. Few-shot Prompting or Supervised Tuning? A Comparative Study of LLMs for Linguistically Distant Language Pairs in BDIDeepen Naorem, Sanasam Ranbir Singh, Telem Joyson Singh, et al.2026
  26. Fill-in-the-Blanks: Automatic Generation and Evaluation of Language Models' Pseudonyms for English and Swedish TextsMaria Irena Szawerna, Jacob Lee Suchardt2026
  27. Finding Sense in Nonsense with Generated Contexts: Perspectives from Humans and Language ModelsKatrina Olsen, Sebastian Padó2026
  28. Focus particles and scalar inferences across humans and language modelsCatherine M. Brousse, Nelu D. Radpour2026
  29. From Perception to Reasoning: Deep Thinking Empowers Multimodal Large Language Models (从感知到推理：深度思考赋能多模态大语言模型)Wenxin Zhu (祝文鑫), Andong Chen (陈安东), Yuchen Song (宋宇宸), et al.2026
  30. From Rosetta to Match-Up: A Paired Corpus of Linguistic Puzzles with Human and LLM BenchmarksNeh Majmudar, Anne Huang, Jinfan Frank Hu, et al.2026
  31. Generation of Instruction and Preference Dataset for Improving Japanese Instruction Following in LLMsKei Moriyama, Takashi Kodama, Kouta Nakayama2026
  32. GPT-NL Public Corpus: A Permissively Licensed, Dutch-First Dataset for LLM Pre-trainingJesse J. Van Oort, Frank Brinkkemper, Erik de Graaf, et al.2026
  33. Grounding Arabic LLMs in the Doha Historical Dictionary: Retrieval-Augmented Understanding of Quran and HadithSomaya Eltanbouly, Samer Rashwani2026
  34. HEBATRON: A Hebrew-Specialized Open-Weight Mixture-of-Experts Language ModelNoam Kayzer, Dan Revital, Ori Bar Joseph, et al.2026
  35. HotelCheckSpan: A Benchmark Dataset for LLM FaithfulnessPatricia Schmidtova, Ondrej Dusek, Saad Mahamood2026
  36. How Far Can Bias Go? Tracing Bias from Pre-Training Data to AlignmentMarion Thaler, Abdullatif Köksal, Alina Leidinger, et al.2026
  37. Human vs LLM in Conversational Repair Annotation: A New Resource and Comparative StudyAnh Ngo, Nicolas Rollet, Catherine Pelachaud, et al.2026
  38. Human-AI Annotation Error Auditing for Hebrew Diacritization with Frontier LLMsHillel Gershuni, Avi Shmidman2026
  39. Identifying Imaging Follow-Up in Radiology Reports: A Comparative Analysis of Traditional ML and LLM ApproachesNamu Park, Giridhar Kaushik Ramachandran, Kevin Lybarger, et al.2026
  40. IndigiEval: Evaluating LLMs in North American Indigenous LanguagesJulia Mainzinger, Jacqueline Brixey2026
  41. InstructSum: A Benchmark to Evaluate Instruction-Following Capability of Large Language Models in SummarizationKosuke Nishida, Kyosuke Nishida, Itsumi Saito2026
  42. Investigating How LLMs Propagate Female Stereotypes: Comparing What Models Say via Prompts with What They Represent in Their EmbeddingsAndrea Valderrey Nuñez, Jelke Bloem2026
  43. Investigating Memorization in Language Models Trained via Knowledge DistillationMaarten Mäcking, Michaela Regneri2026
  44. Is AI Catching Up to Human Expression? Exploring Emotion, Personality, Authorship, and Linguistic Style in English and Arabic with Six Large Language ModelsNasser A Alsadhan2026
  45. Is Biomedical Specialization Still Worth It? Insights from Domain-Adaptive Language Modelling with a New French Health CorpusAidan Mannion, Cécile Macaire, Armand Violle, et al.2026
  46. JudgeMeNot: Personalizing Large Language Models to Emulate Judicial Reasoning in HebrewItay Razumenko, Arnon Sturm, Nir Grinberg2026
  47. K-CoT: Chinese Parallelism Generation Based on Keywords Chain-of-Thought Prompting (K-CoT：基于关键词思维链提示的中文排比句生成研究)Maosheng Zhong (钟茂生), Jiaqi Gan (甘家其), Hejun Zhang (张鹤君), et al.2026
  48. Large Language Models Put to the Test on Chinese Noun Compounds: Experiments on Natural Language Inference and Compound SemanticsLe Qiu, Emmanuele Chersoni, He Zhou, et al.2026
  49. Leveraging Decoupled Composition in Large Language Models for Knowledge Base Question Answering (基于解耦与组合的大模型知识问答方法)Shengze Shi (施圣泽), Li Qin (秦利), Jun Hu (胡军), et al.2026
  50. LLM as a Morphological Disambiguator for Belarusian: A Preliminary StudyVladislav Poritski, Oksana Volchek, Ilia Afanasev2026
  51. LLM-Assisted Spanish Dialect Corpus ConstructionJessica Claribel RAMIREZ VIDAL, Hiroki Ouchi, Sakriani Sakti2026
  52. LLMs as Annotators: Evaluating Model–Human Alignment in Detecting Contentious Language in Historical CorporaYahui Zhao, Clemencia Siro, Laura Hollink2026
  53. LLMs Out-of-the-Box Do Not Generate Context-Appropriate Word Order in RussianAlina Shabaeva, John Frederick Bailyn, Owen Rambow2026
  54. LocRegen: Cost-Efficient Redundancy Removal in Multilingual E-commerce Titles with Small Language ModelsBryan Zhang, Stephan Walter, Luca Lomanto, et al.2026
  55. Low-Rank Compression of Language Models via Differentiable Rank SelectionSidhant Sundrani, Francesco Tudisco, Pasquale Minervini2026
  56. MASA: A Novel Multimodal Foundation Model for L2 Speaking Assessment in Picture-description ScenariosBi-Cheng Yan, Fu-An Chao, Hong-Yun H.Y. Lin, et al.2026
  57. Memorization or Lucky Guesses: Detecting Short Sequences from Copyrighted Dutch News in LLM OutputJoris Veerbeek, Kas Berendsen, Alessandra Polimeno, et al.2026
  58. Merging Continual Pretraining Models for Domain-Specialized LLMs: A Case Study in FinanceKentaro Ueda, François Portet, Hirohiko Suwa, et al.2026
  59. MEUR: A Benchmark for Evaluating Vision-Language Models on Multimodal Event Understanding and ReasoningZimu Wang, Yuqi Wang, Tong Chen, et al.2026
  60. Mind the Language Gap: Assessing LLM Safety in ItalianElena Marafatto, Roberto Navigli2026
  61. Modeling semantic association in self-paced reading with language model embeddingsSara Møller Østergaard, Kenneth Enevoldsen, Afra Alishahi, et al.2026
  62. MT-Video-Bench: A Holistic Video Understanding Benchmark for Evaluating Multimodal LLMs in Multi-Turn DialoguesYaning Pan, Qianqian Xie, Guohui Zhang, et al.2026
  63. Multi-Task Instruction Tuning via Data Scheduling for Low-Resource Arabic SpeechLLMsHunzalah Hassan Bhatti, Firoj Alam, Shammur Absar Chowdhury2026
  64. Multimodal LLMs Do Not Compose Skills Optimally across ModalitiesPaula Ontalvilla, Aitor Ormazabal, Gorka Azkune2026
  65. MzansiText and MzansiLM: An Open Corpus and Decoder-Only Language Model for South African LanguagesAnri M. Lombard, Simbarashe Mawere, Temi Aina, et al.2026
  66. Nuha-Speech: Building General-Purpose Arabic Speech-LLMsYingzhi Wang, Reem Alhazzani, Muhammad Alqurishi2026
  67. On the Use of LLMs for Specialised Terminology: A Good Alternative to Corpora?Joachim Minder, Guillaume Wisniewski, Natalie Kübler2026
  68. Onomasiological Sense Alignment Across Dialect Dictionaries. A Taxonomy-Constrained LLM ClassificationNathalie Mederake, Nico Urbach, Hanna Fischer, et al.2026
  69. Open-access Dataset on Acceptability Ratings of Korean Clausal Constructions by Humans and GPT ModelsGyu-Ho Shin, Soo-Hwan Lee, Chanyoung Lee2026
  70. Orthographic Constraint Satisfaction and Human Difficulty Alignment in Large Language ModelsBryan E. Tuck, Rakesh Verma2026
  71. Persona-Aware Evaluation of Cognitive Bias in LLMs: From Benchmark to Applied Decision-MakingKatsumasa Yoshikawa, Junya Takayama, Takato Yamazaki2026
  72. Probing Discrete Speech Tokens of Spoken Language ModelsSven Naber, Julia Koch, Pranav Singh, et al.2026
  73. Probing the Dynamics of Syntactic Ability Acquisition Throughout LLM PretrainingHiroshi Matsuda, Masayuki Asahara2026
  74. Proficiency-Controlled Text Simplification in European Portuguese: A Preliminary Study using Prompting ApproachesEugénio Ribeiro, David Antunes, Nuno Mamede, et al.2026
  75. Quantifying Metric and Model Agreement in Bias Evaluation of Large Language ModelsArash Asgari, Huan Wu, Amirreza Naziri, et al.2026
  76. Quantifying the Accuracy and Cost Impact of Design Decisions in Budget-Constrained Agentic LLM SearchKyle A. McCleary, James M. Ghawaly2026
  77. Questionnaire Meets LLM: A Benchmark and Empirical Study of Structural Skills for Understanding Questions and ResponsesDuc-Hai Nguyen, Vijayakumar Nanjappan, Barry O'Sullivan, et al.2026
  78. R.U.Psycho? A Framework for Robust Unified Psychometric Testing of Language ModelsJulian Schelb, Orr Borin, David Garcia, et al.2026
  79. Rethinking the Idiomaticity Decomposability Hypothesis: Evidence from Distributional LearningMaggie Mi, Golzar Atefi, Atsuki Yamaguchi, et al.2026
  80. Retrieval-augmented Chain-of-thought Prompting Method for Chinese Frame Semantic Parsing (基于检索增强思维提示的汉语框架语义解析方法)Yingxu Li (李迎旭), Tao Chen (陈涛), Binyang Li (李斌阳), et al.2026
  81. Retrieving Responses Useful as References in Counseling via LLM-Generated Structurally Analogous DialoguesYu Nakagawa, Nozomu Ikeda, Kotaro Funakoshi, et al.2026
  82. SalamahBench: Dialect and Category Level Safety Evaluation of Arabic Language ModelsOmar Abdelnasser, Fatemah Alharbi, Khaled Khasawneh, et al.2026
  83. SearchLLM: Detecting LLM Paraphrased Text by Measuring the Similarity with Regeneration of the Candidate Source via Search EngineHoang-Quoc Nguyen-Son, Minh-Son Dao, Koji Zettsu2026
  84. Seeing the Other Side: Diagnostic Tasks for Viewpoint Reasoning in Vision–Language ModelsMakoto Takenaka, Hitomi Yanaka2026
  85. Semantic Parsing for Evaluating Large Language Models: Separating Linguistic Abilities with YARNRémi DE VERGNETTE, Maxime Amblard2026
  86. SemBench: A Universal Semantic Framework for LLM EvaluationMikel Zubillaga, Naiara Perez, Oscar Sainz, et al.2026
  87. SemToken: Semantic-Aware Tokenization for Efficient Long-Context Language ModelsDong Liu, Yanxuan Yu2026
  88. Sentiment Analysis and Language Models for KwanyamaNdapa Nakashole2026
  89. Sentiment Classification of Gaza War Headlines: A Comparative Analysis of Large Language Models and Arabic Fine-Tuned BERT ModelsAmr Eleraqi; Hager H. Mustafa;, Abdul Hadi N. Ahmed2026
  90. Similar Predictions, Different Processes: A Multi-Level Comparison of Human and Multimodal LLM Language PredictionShuqi Wang, Zhenguang Cai2026
  91. Simulating Student Interactions for Virtual Pretesting with In-Context LearningArthur Thuy, Luca Benedetto, Ekaterina Loginova, et al.2026
  92. SlovKE: A Large-Scale Dataset and LLM Evaluation for Slovak Keyphrase ExtractionDávid Števaňák, Marek Suppa2026
  93. Small Language Models for Less-Resourced Languages in a Real-World Scenario: The Case for CatalanRoser Saurí, Josep Sànchez-Ferreres, Lluis Padro, et al.2026
  94. Some Dialects Are More Equal Than Others: Non-Prestigious Arabic Dialectal Bias in LLMsMai Mohamed Eida, Ryan Dolan, Paul de Nijs, et al.2026
  95. SPQ: An Ensemble Technique for Large Language Model CompressionJiamin Yao, Eren Gultepe2026
  96. Structured Prompting for Arabic Essay Proficiency: A Trait-Centric Evaluation ApproachSalim Al Mandhari, Hieu Pham Dinh, Mo El-Haj, et al.2026
  97. STRUDEL: Unrolling a Benchmark for Evaluating Vision-Language Models on Structured Diagram Understanding across DomainsDaniel Steinigen, Lucie Flek, Sebastian Houben2026
  98. Studying Expert-ese: Profiling and Classification of Domain-Specific Language Variation in Architecture with Traditional Machine Learning and LLMsCarmen Schacht, Renate Delucchi Danhier2026
  99. Survey on KV Cache Compression Methods for Large Language Model Inference (大语言模型推理中的键值缓存压缩方法综述)Shipeng Hu (胡世鹏), Guangyan Zhang (张广艳), Weimin Zheng (郑纬民)2026
  100. Syntactic Priming in Few-Shot Learning: How Demonstration Structure Shapes LLM PerformancePrasanth Yadla2026

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