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🧠 Language models & pretraining

1,079 papers · page 10 of 12 · 826–925 · the most cited first · all topics

Models that learn a language from raw text, and how they are pretrained, tuned and prompted.

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  1. Let's Simplify Step by Step: Guiding LLM Towards Multilingual Unsupervised Proficiency-Controlled Sentence SimplificationJingshen Zhang, Xin Ying Qiu, Lifang Lu, et al.2026 · 3 citations
  2. Baseer: A Vision-Language Model for Arabic Document-to-Markdown OCRKhalil Hennara, Muhammad Hreden, Mohamed Motasim Hamed, et al.2025 · 3 citations
  3. BLiMP-IT: Harnessing Automatic Minimal Pair Generation for Italian Language Model EvaluationMatilde Barbini, Maria Letizia Piccini Bianchessi, Veronica Bressan, et al.2025 · 3 citations
  4. Few-Shot Prompting for Extractive Quranic QA with Instruction-Tuned LLMsMohamed Basem, Islam Oshallah, Ali Hamdi, et al.2025 · 3 citations
  5. Sadeed: Advancing Arabic Diacritization Through Small Language ModelZeina Aldallal, Sara Chrouf, Khalil Hennara, et al.2025 · 3 citations
  6. What did you say? Generating Child-Directed Speech Questions to Train LLMsWhitney Poh, Michael Tombolini, Libby Barak2025 · 3 citations
  7. A Language Modeling Approach to Diacritic-Free Hebrew TTSAmit Roth, Arnon Turetzky, Yossi Adi2024 · 3 citations
  8. ASOS at Arabic LLMs Hallucinations 2024: Can LLMs detect their Hallucinations :)Serry Taiseer Sibaee, Abdullah I. Alharbi, Samar Ahmed, et al.2024 · 3 citations
  9. Evaluating large language models for the tasks of PoS tagging within the Universal Dependency frameworkMateus Machado, Evandro Ruiz2024 · 3 citations
  10. Token-level Identification of Multiword Expressions using Pre-trained Multilingual Language ModelsRaghuraman Swaminathan, Paul Cook2023 · 3 citations
  11. Bridging Scientific Heritage: An Arabic — Russian Parallel Corpus and LLM Benchmark for Sustainable Knowledge TransferMullosharaf K. Arabov2026 · 2 citations
  12. Can LLMs Simulate Human Behavioral Variability? A Case Study in the Phonemic Fluency TaskMengyang Qiu, Zoe Brisebois, Siena Sun2026 · 2 citations
  13. Dicta-LM 3.0: Advancing The Frontier of Hebrew Sovereign LLMsShaltiel Shmidman, Avi Shmidman, Amir DN Cohen, et al.2026 · 2 citations
  14. J-CHAT: Japanese Large-scale Spoken Dialogue Corpus for Spoken Dialogue Language ModelingWataru Nakata, Kentaro Seki, Hitomi Yanaka, et al.2026 · 2 citations
  15. KZ-SafetyPrompts: A Kazakh Safety Evaluation Prompt Dataset for Large Language ModelsWajdi Zaghouani, Shimaa Amer Ibrahim, Aruzhan Muratbek, et al.2026 · 2 citations
  16. PHEB: An European Portuguese High School-Level LLM BenchmarkDiogo C. Tavares, Rafael Ferreira, Afonso Simplício, et al.2026 · 2 citations
  17. Prompting Instruction-tuned LLMs for Semantic Similarity ValuesXander Akiko Snelder, Yunchong Huang, Jelke Bloem2026 · 2 citations
  18. The Riddle of Reflection: Evaluating Reasoning and Self-Awareness in Multilingual LLMs Using Indian RiddlesAbhinav P M, Ojasva Saxena, Oswald C, et al.2026 · 2 citations
  19. UrBLiMP: A Benchmark for Evaluating the Linguistic Competence of Large Language Models in UrduFarah Adeeba, Brian Dillon, Hassan Sajjad, et al.2026 · 2 citations
  20. Arabizi vs LLMs: Can the Genie Understand the Language of Aladdin?Perla Al Almaoui, Pierrette Bouillon, Simon Hengchen2025 · 2 citations
  21. Can Large Language Models Predict the Outcome of Judicial Decisions?Mohamed Bayan Kmainasi, Ali Ezzat Shahroor, Amani Al-Ghraibah2025 · 2 citations
  22. How Well Do LLMs Understand Tunisian Arabic?Mohamed Mahdi2025 · 2 citations
  23. Step-by-step Instructions and a Simple Tabular Output Format Improve the Dependency Parsing Accuracy of LLMsHiroshi Matsuda, Chunpeng Ma, Masayuki Asahara2025 · 2 citations
  24. Transforming Causal LLM into MLM Encoder for Detecting Social Media Manipulation in TelegramAnton Bazdyrev, Ivan Bashtovyi, Ivan Havlytskyi, et al.2025 · 2 citations
  25. UI-Level Evaluation of ALLaM 34B: Measuring an Arabic-Centric LLM via HUMAIN ChatOmer Nacar2025 · 2 citations
  26. Evaluating the Quality of a Corpus Annotation Scheme Using Pretrained Language ModelsFurkan Akkurt, Onur Gungor, Büşra Marşan, et al.2024 · 2 citations
  27. Using Curriculum Masking Based on Child Language Development to Train a Large Language Model with Limited Training DataEvan Lucas, Dylan Gaines, Tagore Rao Kosireddy, et al.2024 · 2 citations
  28. WordNet under Scrutiny: Dictionary Examples in the Era of Large Language ModelsFatemah Yousef Almeman, Steven Schockaert, Luis Espinosa Anke2024 · 2 citations
  29. Improving Natural Language Inference in Arabic using Transformer Models and Linguistically Informed Pre-TrainingMohammad Majd Saad Al Deen, Maren Pielka, Jorn Hees, et al.2023 · 2 citations
  30. Comparing Native and Learner Englishes Using a Large Pre-trained Language ModelTatsuya Aoyama2022 · 2 citations
  31. Addressing the Ecological Fallacy in Larger LMs with Human ContextNikita Soni, Dhruv Vijay Kunjadiya, Pratham Piyush Shah, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  32. AlbanianLLMSafety: A Safety Evaluation Dataset for Large Language Models in AlbanianWajdi Zaghouani, Kholoud Khalil Aldous, Isra Fejzullaj2026 · 1 citation
  33. An Existence Proof for Neural Language Models That Can Explain Garden-Path Effects via SurprisalRyo Yoshida, Shinnosuke Isono, Taiga Someya, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  34. Are LLMs Good Text Diacritizers? An Arabic and Yoruba Case StudyHawau Olamide Toyin, Samar Mohamed Magdy, Hanan Aldarmaki2026 · 1 citation
  35. Bridging the Culture Gap: A Framework for LLM-Driven Socio-Cultural Localization of Math Word Problems in Low-Resource LanguagesIsrael Abebe Azime, Tadesse Destaw Belay, Dietrich Klakow, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  36. Can Dialects Be Steered Like Languages? Sparse Neurons and Distributed Directions in Arabic LLMsKareem Elozeiri, Mervat Abassy, Omar Kallas, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  37. Can LLMs Translate Italy's Language Varieties?Edoardo Signoroni, Pavel Rychlý2026 · 1 citation
  38. Children's English Reading Story Generation via Supervised Fine-Tuning of Compact LLMs with Controllable Difficulty and SafetyQian Shen, Fanghua Cao, Min Yao, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  39. Clozing the Gap: Exploring Why Language Model Surprisal Outperforms Cloze SurprisalSathvik Nair, Byung-Doh Oh2026 · 1 citation
  40. Culturally-Aware Image Captioning for Guaraní with Multimodal Prompting: IUHoosiers at AmericasNLP 2026Wenchen Shi, Phakphum Artkaew, Luke Gessler2026 · 1 citation
  41. Do LLMs Judge Distantly Supervised Named Entity Labels Well? Constructing the JudgeWEL DatasetAlistair Plum, Laura Maria Bernardy, Tharindu Ranasinghe2026 · 1 citation
  42. Evaluation of Adversarial Robustness in Arabic Language ModelsAnwar Alajmi, Ayed Salman, Imtiaz Ahmad2026 · 1 citation
  43. German General Social Survey Personas: A Survey-Derived Persona Prompt Collection for Population-Aligned LLM StudiesJens Rupprecht, Leon Froehling, Claudia Wagner, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  44. HPLT 3.0: Very Large-Scale Multilingual Resources for LLMs and MT. Mono- and Bi-lingual Data, Multilingual Evaluation, and Pre-Trained ModelsStephan Oepen, Nikolay Arefyev, Mikko Aulamo, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  45. Human-like Fleeting Memory Improves Language Learning but Impairs Reading Time Prediction in Transformer Language ModelsAbishek Thamma, Micha Heilbron2026 · 1 citation
  46. Improving Dialect Robustness in Large Language Models via LoRA and Mixture-of-ExpertsSanjh Maheshwari, Aniket Singh Rajpoot, Oana Cocarascu, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  47. In-Distribution Steering: Balancing Control and Coherence in Language Model GenerationArthur Vogels, Benjamin Wong, Yann Choho, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  48. ITUNLP at MWE-2026 AdMIRe 2: A Zero-Shot LLM Pipeline for Multimodal Idiom Understanding and RankingAtakan Site, Oğuz Ali Arslan, Gülşen Eryiğit2026 · 1 citation
  49. Language Models Learn Constructional Semantics, Not To Mention Syntax: Investigating LM Understanding of Paired-Focus ConstructionsWesley Scivetti, Ethan Gotlieb Wilcox, Nathan Schneider, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  50. Large Language Models Are Good Term Extractors: A Systematic EvaluationRigouts Terryn, Ayla2026 · 1 citation
  51. Large Language Models for Citation Function ClassificationDaniel Vodička, Pavel Kral, Christophe Cerisara, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  52. Missing Links: LLM-Augmentation of Event Triggers of State Changes in the OpenPI DatasetKyeongmin Rim, James Pustejovsky2026 · 1 citation
  53. Modeling the Human Lexicon under Temperature Variations: Linguistic Factors, Diversity and Typicality in LLM Word AssociationsMaria A. Rodriguez, Marie Candito, Richard Huyghe2026 · 1 citation
  54. Morphemes Without Borders: Evaluating Root-Pattern Morphology in Arabic Tokenizers and LLMsYara Alakeel, Chatrine Qwaider, Hanan Aldarmaki, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  55. Morphemes without Borders: Evaluating Root–Pattern Morphology in Arabic Tokenizers and LLMsYara Yousif Alakeel, Chatrine Qwaider, Hanan Aldarmaki, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  56. Multi-modal, Multi-task, Multi-criteria Automatic Evaluation with Vision Language ModelsMasanari Oi, Masahiro Kaneko, Naoaki Okazaki, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  57. NUS-IDS at AMIYA/VarDial 2026: Improving Arabic Dialectness in LLMs with Reinforcement LearningSujatha Das Gollapalli, Mouad Hakam, Mingzhe Du, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  58. Optimizing Multilingual LLMs via Federated Learning: A Study of Client Language CompositionAleix Sant, Jordi Luque, Carlos Escolano2026 · 1 citation
  59. Rhetorical Questions in LLM Representations: A Linear Probing StudyLouie Hong Yao, Vishesh Anand, Yuan Zhuang, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  60. Structured Entity Extraction from Hawaiian Television Chyrons Using Vision-Language ModelsKelley Lynch, Owen King, Kyeongmin Rim, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  61. Tug-of-war between idioms' figurative and literal interpretations in LLMsSoyoung Oh, Xinting Huang, Mathis Pink, et al.2026 · 1 citation
  62. Adaptive Originality Filtering: Rejection Based Prompting and RiddleScore for Culturally Grounded Multilingual Riddle GenerationDuy Le, Kent Ziti, Evan Girard-Sun, et al.2025 · 1 citation
  63. Arabic Dialect Classification using RNNs, Transformers, and Large Language Models: A Comparative AnalysisOmar A.Essameldin, Ali O.Elbeih, Wael H.Gomaa, et al.2025 · 1 citation
  64. Batch-wise Convergent Pre-training: Step-by-Step Learning Inspired by Child Language DevelopmentKo Yoshida, Daiki Shiono, Kai Sato, et al.2025 · 1 citation
  65. Construction Grammar Evidence for How LLMs Use Context-Directed Extrapolation to Solve TasksHarish Tayyar Madabushi, Claire Bonial2025 · 1 citation
  66. Rationale-Guided Distillation for E-Commerce Relevance Classification: Bridging Large Language Models and Lightweight Cross-EncodersSanjay Agrawal, Faizan Ahemad, Vivek Varadarajan Sembium2025 · 1 citation
  67. System Report for CCL25-Eval Task 4: Prompting, Scheduling, and Arbitration Strategies for Chinese Factivity InferenceDaohuan Liu, Lun Xia, Yuxuan Zhang, et al.2025 · 1 citation
  68. AlcLaM: Arabic Dialectal Language ModelMurtadha Ahmed, Saghir Alfasly, Bo Wen, et al.2024 · 1 citation
  69. Creating Arabic LLM Prompts at ScaleAbdelrahman El-Sheikh, Ahmed Elmogtaba, Kareem Darwish, et al.2024 · 1 citation
  70. Dreaming Out Loud: A Self-Synthesis Approach For Training Vision-Language Models With Developmentally Plausible DataBadr AlKhamissi, Yingtian Tang, Abdülkadir Gökce, et al.2024 · 1 citation
  71. Investigating Persuasion Techniques in Arabic: An Empirical Study Leveraging Large Language ModelsAbdurahmman Alzahrani, Eyad Babkier, Faisal Yanbaawi, et al.2024 · 1 citation
  72. Knesset-DictaBERT: A Hebrew Language Model for Parliamentary ProceedingsGili Goldin, Shuly Wintner Department of Computer Science, University of Haifa, et al.2024 · 1 citation
  73. Assessing the influence of attractor-verb distance on grammatical agreement in humans and language modelsChristos Zacharopoulos, Théo Desbordes, Mathias Sablé-Meyer2023 · 1 citation
  74. Introducing DictaLM — A Large Generative Language Model for Modern HebrewShaltiel Shmidman, Avi Shmidman, Amir David Nissan Cohen, et al.2023 · 1 citation
  75. QA-KGNet: Language Model-driven Knowledge Graph Question-answering Model (QA-KGNet: 一种语言模型驱动的知识图谱问答模型)Shaojie Qiao (乔少杰), Guoping Yang (杨国平), Yong Yu (于泳), et al.2023 · 1 citation
  76. A Binary Problem in Binary QA: Diverse LLMs or Diverse Question Interpretations? That Is the Ensembling QuestionRafael Rosales, Santiago Miret2026
  77. A Cascade Reinforcement Learning Strategy for Efficiently Enhancing the Reasoning Ability of Multimodal Large Language Models (高效提升多模态大语言模型推理能力的级联强化学习策略)Weiyun Wang (王玮赟), Hengjun Pu (蒲恒骏), Linglin Jing (景凌林), et al.2026
  78. A Chinese Character Riddle Solving Model Based on Pre-trained Language Models (基于预训练语言模型的汉语字形谜解谜模型)Hanyu Wang (王涵玉), Xun Liang (梁循), Zhenyu Guan (关真宇), et al.2026
  79. A Large-Scale Instruction-Tuning Dataset and Models for Slovenian Vision-Language TasksMatej Martinc, Domen Vreš2026
  80. A Multilingual Red Teaming–Driven Safety Analysis of LLMsPatrícia Pandeiro, Vera Cabarrão, Helena Moniz2026
  81. A Reasoning Path Ranking Method for Reasoning Optimization of Small-scale Large Language Models (面向小规模大语言模型推理优化的推理路径排序方法)Jun Li (李俊), Yu Bai (白宇), Yuting Liu (刘雨婷)2026
  82. AgriChain: Visually-Grounded Expert-Verified Reasoning for Interpretable Agricultural Vision–Language ModelsHazza Mahmood, Yongqiang Yu, Rao Anwer2026
  83. AnswerCarefully: Creating a Dataset for LLM Safety in JapaneseHisami Suzuki, Satoru Katsumata, Takashi Kodama, et al.2026
  84. ArabicNumBench: Evaluating Arabic Number Reading in Large Language ModelsAnas Alhumud, Abdulaziz Alhammadi, Muhammad Badruddin Khan2026
  85. Are Arabic Benchmarks Reliable? QIMMA's Quality-First Approach to LLM EvaluationLeen AlQadi, Ahmed Alzubaidi, Mohammed Alyafeai, et al.2026
  86. Are Language Models Borrowing-Blind? A Multilingual Evaluation of Loanword Identification across 10 LanguagesMerilin Sousa Silva, Sina Ahmadi2026
  87. Are Social Biases in LLMs Consistent across Generative Tasks? A Case Study for BasqueMuitze Zulaika, Xabier Saralegi, Julia Shershneva, et al.2026
  88. Are the LLMs Capable of Maintaining at Least the Language Genus?Sandra Mitrović, David Kletz, Ljiljana Dolamic, et al.2026
  89. Artful Writing, Authentic Emotions: Distinguishing Human-Written from LLM-Generated Metaphors by Annotation and ClassificationMichaela Regneri, Nooshin Aghajari, Thomas Kroedel2026
  90. Assessing Small Language Models as Text Simplification EvaluatorsDavid Carranza Navarrete, Jan Bakker, Jaap Kamps2026
  91. Assessing Suicide Risk in Arabic Crisis Helpline Calls: A Comparison of Arabic and English Large Language ModelsLinhai Ma, Rita El Hachem, Mahatab El Hajj, et al.2026
  92. Augmenting LLM Reasoning with Dynamic Notes Writing for Complex MultiHop QARishabh Maheshwary, Masoud Hashemi, Khyati Mahajan, et al.2026
  93. Beyond Cultural Knowledge: Evaluating Arabic Cultural Appropriateness of Large Language ModelsEnes Altinisik, Hamdy Mubarak, Masoomali Fatehkia, et al.2026
  94. Breaking the Benchmark: Revealing LLM Bias via Minimal Contextual AugmentationKaveh Eskandari Miandoab, Mahammed Kamruzzaman, Arshia Gharooni, et al.2026
  95. Bridging Linguistic Structure and Mechanistic Interpretability for Conceptual Interpretation in Language ModelsNura Aljaafari, Danilo Carvalho, Andre Freitas2026
  96. Can Video LLMs See Through Illusions? Video-Illusion QA Benchmark DatasetSouto Ohira, Tosho Hirasawa, Mamoru Komachi2026
  97. Causal Inferences Are Driven by Noun Concept Specificity Evidence from Self-Paced Reading and Large Language Model SurprisalFabian Schlotterbeck, Raphael Barth2026
  98. Common Sense vs. Morality: The Curious Case of Narrative Focus Bias in LLMsSaugata Purkayastha, Pranav Kushare, Pragya Paramita Pal, et al.2026
  99. Compositional Meaning Representations in LLMs: a Critical Review of Probing StudiesRémy Marro2026
  100. Consistency of LLMs to Comparative Statements in Mathematical Reasoning TasksAidan W. San, Daniel Juyoung Son, Xiaodong Liu, et al.2026

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