Elamur Research⌕
☰
home / papers / 2023 / Knowledge Card: Filling LLMs' Knowledge Gaps with Plug-in Specialized Language Models

Knowledge Card: Filling LLMs' Knowledge Gaps with Plug-in Specialized Language Models

Paper · 2023 · Shangbin Feng, Weijia Shi, Yuyang Bai et al.

Summary

Large language models are frozen after training and costly to update. As a result, they often produce outdated, hallucinated, or missing facts, especially for long-tail and fast-changing topics. Knowledge Card addresses this by attaching small, domain-specific language models ("knowledge cards") to a black-box LLM. Each card starts from an existing checkpoint and is further trained with causal language modeling on a single corpus, such as news, biomedical papers, or knowledge graphs. When queried, the cards write background documents. Three selectors then filter these documents for relevance, brevity (pruning), and factuality before they are added to the LLM prompt. The framework offers two integration modes. Bottom-up pools output from all cards, while top-down lets the LLM decide whether it needs help and which source to consult. Across three tasks and six datasets, the framework beat plain LLMs, retrieval augmentation, and generated-knowledge prompting. Its value lies in modularity: communities can contribute, swap, or update cards without retraining the large model, which also saves compute.

Key points

  • On MMLU, adding knowledge cards raised Codex accuracy by 6.6%, surpassing Flan-PaLM, a model about three times larger.
  • In misinformation detection, which requires mixing several domains, the method led all baselines by at least 15.8% (two-way) and 10.0% (four-way) in balanced accuracy.
  • The authors built MidtermQA, a QA set about the 2022 U.S. midterm elections, which fall after the models' training cutoff. A single news-trained card with roughly 100x fewer parameters than the base LLM yielded an exact-match gain of at least 55.6% over baselines.
  • The pool contains 25 cards, including Wikipedia, YAGO, PubMed, ACL papers, ConceptNet, ATOMIC, Reddit, Twitter, legal contracts, and RealNews. YAGO and Wikipedia were chosen most often in top-down automatic selection.
  • The relevance selector ranks generated documents by cosine similarity between encoder embeddings of each document and the query. Code is available at github.com/BunsenFeng/Knowledge Card.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

 Institutions

 Fields, topics and concepts

Cite

Cite as Shangbin Feng, Weijia Shi, Yuyang Bai, Vidhisha Balachandran, Tianxing He and Yulia Tsvetkov. 2023. Knowledge Card: Filling LLMs' Knowledge Gaps with Plug-in Specialized Language Models. arXiv:2305.09955.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2305.09955 · arXiv 2305.09955

@misc{feng2023knowledge,
  title = {{Knowledge Card: Filling LLMs' Knowledge Gaps with Plug-in Specialized Language Models}},
  author = {Shangbin Feng, Weijia Shi, Yuyang Bai, Vidhisha Balachandran, Tianxing He and Yulia Tsvetkov},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2305.09955},
  eprint = {2305.09955},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.09955}
}

References

108 references, 52 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

  1. Sharegpt. https://sharegpt.com/, 2023. Accessed: 2023-09-27. ↗
  2. Oshin Agarwal, Heming Ge, Siamak Shakeri, and Rami Al-Rfou. Knowledge graph based synthetic corpus generation for knowledge-enhanced language model pre-training. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Techn…
  3. Eugene Bagdasaryan and Vitaly Shmatikov. Spinning language models: Risks of propaganda-as-a-service and countermeasures. In 2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), pp. 769–786. find
  4. Michele Bevilacqua, Giuseppe Ottaviano, Patrick Lewis, Scott Yih, Sebastian Riedel, and Fabio Petroni. Autoregressive search engines: Generating substrings as document identifiers. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:31668–31683, 2022. find
  5. Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Jordan Hoffmann, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Katie Millican, George Bm Van Den Driessche, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Bogdan Damoc, Aidan Clark, et al. Improving language models by retrieving from trillions of tokens. In International conference on machine learning, p… find
  6. Alexander Borzunov, Dmitry Baranchuk, Tim Dettmers, Max Ryabinin, Younes Belkada, Artem Chumachenko, Pavel Samygin, and Colin Raffel. Petals: Collaborative inference and fine-tuning of large models. In Workshop on Broadening Research Collaborations 2022, 2022. find
  7. Massimo Caccia, Lucas Caccia, William Fedus, Hugo Larochelle, Joelle Pineau, and Laurent Charlin. Language gans falling short. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2018. find
  8. Steve Cayzer. Semantic blogging and decentralized knowledge management. Communications of the ACM, 47(12):47–52, 2004. find
  9. Ciprian Chelba, Tomas Mikolov, Mike Schuster, Qi Ge, Thorsten Brants, Phillipp Koehn, and Tony Robinson. One billion word benchmark for measuring progress in statistical language modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.3005, 2013.
  10. Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, et al. Evaluating large language models trained on code. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.03374, 2021.
  11. Wenhu Chen, Yu Su, Xifeng Yan, and William Yang Wang. Kgpt: Knowledge-grounded pre-training for data-to-text generation. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 8635–8648, 2020.
  12. Aakanksha Chowdhery, Sharan Narang, Jacob Devlin, Maarten Bosma, Gaurav Mishra, Adam Roberts, Paul Barham, Hyung Won Chung, Charles Sutton, Sebastian Gehrmann, et al. Palm: Scaling language modeling with pathways. arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.02311, 2022.
  13. Hyung Won Chung, Le Hou, Shayne Longpre, Barret Zoph, Yi Tay, William Fedus, Eric Li, Xuezhi Wang, Mostafa Dehghani, Siddhartha Brahma, et al. Scaling instruction-finetuned language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.11416, 2022. find
  14. Nicola De Cao, Wilker Aziz, and Ivan Titov. Editing factual knowledge in language models. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 6491–6506, 2021. find
  15. Bhuwan Dhingra, Jeremy R Cole, Julian Martin Eisenschlos, Daniel Gillick, Jacob Eisenstein, and William W Cohen. Time-aware language models as temporal knowledge bases. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 10:257–273, 2022.
  16. Shachar Don-Yehiya, Elad Venezian, Colin Raffel, Noam Slonim, Yoav Katz, and Leshem Choshen. Cold fusion: Collaborative descent for distributed multitask finetuning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.01378, 2022. find
  17. Shangbin Feng, Zilong Chen, Wenqian Zhang, Qingyao Li, Qinghua Zheng, Xiaojun Chang, and Minnan Luo. Kgap: Knowledge graph augmented political perspective detection in news media. arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.03861, 2021. — [arXiv:2108.03861](https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.03861) find
  18. Shangbin Feng, Zhaoxuan Tan, Herun Wan, Ningnan Wang, Zilong Chen, Binchi Zhang, Qinghua Zheng, Wenqian Zhang, Zhenyu Lei, Shujie Yang, et al. Twibot-22: Towards graph-based twitter bot detection. In Thirty-sixth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track, 2022… find
  19. Shangbin Feng, Vidhisha Balachandran, Yuyang Bai, and Yulia Tsvetkov. FactKB: Generalizable factuality evaluation using language models enhanced with factual knowledge. In Houda Bouamor, Juan Pino, and Kalika Bali (eds.), Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Pr… find
  20. Shangbin Feng, Chan Young Park, Yuhan Liu, and Yulia Tsvetkov. From pretraining data to language models to downstream tasks: Tracking the trails of political biases leading to unfair NLP models. In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Lon…
  21. Shangbin Feng, Zhaoxuan Tan, Wenqian Zhang, Zhenyu Lei, and Yulia Tsvetkov. KALM: Knowledge-aware integration of local, document, and global contexts for long document understanding. In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), p… find
  22. Leo Gao, Stella Biderman, Sid Black, Laurence Golding, Travis Hoppe, Charles Foster, Jason Phang, Horace He, Anish Thite, Noa Nabeshima, et al. The pile: An 800gb dataset of diverse text for language modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.00027, 2020. find
  23. Suchin Gururangan, Mike Lewis, Ari Holtzman, Noah A Smith, and Luke Zettlemoyer. Demix layers: Disentangling domains for modular language modeling. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 5… find
  24. Suchin Gururangan, Margaret Li, Mike Lewis, Weijia Shi, Tim Althoff, Noah A Smith, and Luke Zettlemoyer. Scaling expert language models with unsupervised domain discovery. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.14177, 2023. find
  25. Kelvin Guu, Kenton Lee, Zora Tung, Panupong Pasupat, and Mingwei Chang. Retrieval augmented language model pre-training. In International conference on machine learning, pp. 3929–3938. PMLR, 2020. — REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Training
  26. Peter Hase, Mona Diab, Asli Celikyilmaz, Xian Li, Zornitsa Kozareva, Veselin Stoyanov, Mohit Bansal, and Srinivasan Iyer. Do language models have beliefs? methods for detecting, updating, and visualizing model beliefs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.13654, 2021. find
  27. Tianxing He, Jun Liu, Kyunghyun Cho, Myle Ott, Bing Liu, James Glass, and Fuchun Peng. Analyzing the forgetting problem in pretrain-finetuning of open-domain dialogue response models. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Main… find
  28. Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. Measuring massive multitask language understanding. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2020.
  29. Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Anya Chen, and Spencer Ball. Cuad: An expert-annotated nlp dataset for legal contract review. In Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track (Round 1), 2021.
  30. Evan Hernandez, Belinda Z Li, and Jacob Andreas. Measuring and manipulating knowledge representations in language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.00740, 2023. find
  31. Ari Holtzman, Jan Buys, Li Du, Maxwell Forbes, and Yejin Choi. The curious case of neural text degeneration. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2019.
  32. Neil Houlsby, Andrei Giurgiu, Stanislaw Jastrzebski, Bruna Morrone, Quentin De Laroussilhe, Andrea Gesmundo, Mona Attariyan, and Sylvain Gelly. Parameter-efficient transfer learning for nlp. In International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 2790–2799. PMLR, 2019. find
  33. Linmei Hu, Tianchi Yang, Luhao Zhang, Wanjun Zhong, Duyu Tang, Chuan Shi, Nan Duan, and Ming Zhou. Compare to the knowledge: Graph neural fake news detection with external knowledge. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International… find
  34. Yushi Hu, Hang Hua, Zhengyuan Yang, Weijia Shi, Noah A Smith, and Jiebo Luo. Promptcap: Prompt-guided task-aware image captioning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.09699, 2022. — [arXiv:2211.09699](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.09699) find
  35. Gautier Izacard, Patrick Lewis, Maria Lomeli, Lucas Hosseini, Fabio Petroni, Timo Schick, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Armand Joulin, Sebastian Riedel, and Edouard Grave. Few-shot learning with retrieval augmented language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.03299, 2022.
  36. P Izmailov, AG Wilson, D Podoprikhin, D Vetrov, and T Garipov. Averaging weights leads to wider optima and better generalization. In 34th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 2018, UAI 2018, pp. 876–885, 2018.
  37. Joel Jang, Seonghyeon Ye, Sohee Yang, Joongbo Shin, Janghoon Han, KIM Gyeonghun, Stanley Jungkyu Choi, and Minjoon Seo. Towards continual knowledge learning of language models. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2021. find
  38. Ziwei Ji, Nayeon Lee, Rita Frieske, Tiezheng Yu, Dan Su, Yan Xu, Etsuko Ishii, Ye Jin Bang, Andrea Madotto, and Pascale Fung. Survey of hallucination in natural language generation. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(12):1–38, 2023.
  39. Saurav Kadavath, Tom Conerly, Amanda Askell, Tom Henighan, Dawn Drain, Ethan Perez, Nicholas Schiefer, Zac Hatfield Dodds, Nova DasSarma, Eli Tran-Johnson, et al. Language models (mostly) know what they know. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.05221, 2022. find
  40. Nikhil Kandpal, Haikang Deng, Adam Roberts, Eric Wallace, and Colin Raffel. Large language models struggle to learn long-tail knowledge. In International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 15696–15707. PMLR, 2023.
  41. Hamid Karimi, Proteek Roy, Sari Saba-Sadiya, and Jiliang Tang. Multi-source multi-class fake news detection. In Proceedings of the 27th international conference on computational linguistics, pp. 1546–1557, 2018. find
  42. Jungo Kasai, Keisuke Sakaguchi, Yoichi Takahashi, Ronan Le Bras, Akari Asai, Xinyan Yu, Dragomir Radev, Noah A Smith, Yejin Choi, and Kentaro Inui. Realtime qa: What’s the answer right now? arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.13332, 2022.
  43. Zixuan Ke, Yijia Shao, Haowei Lin, Tatsuya Konishi, Gyuhak Kim, and Bing Liu. Continual pre-training of language models. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, 2022. find
  44. Urvashi Khandelwal, Omer Levy, Dan Jurafsky, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Mike Lewis. Generalization through memorization: Nearest neighbor language models. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2019. find
  45. Omar Khattab, Keshav Santhanam, Xiang Lisa Li, David Hall, Percy Liang, Christopher Potts, and Matei Zaharia. Demonstrate-search-predict: Composing retrieval and language models for knowledge-intensive nlp. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.14024, 2022.
  46. Andreas Köpf, Yannic Kilcher, Dimitri von Rütte, Sotiris Anagnostidis, Zhi-Rui Tam, Keith Stevens, Abdullah Barhoum, Nguyen Minh Duc, Oliver Stanley, Richárd Nagyfi, et al. Openassistant conversations–democratizing large language model alignment. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.07327, 2023.
  47. Wojciech Kryściński, Bryan McCann, Caiming Xiong, and Richard Socher. Evaluating the factual consistency of abstractive text summarization. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 9332–9346, 2020.
  48. Sneha Kudugunta, Yanping Huang, Ankur Bapna, Maxim Krikun, Dmitry Lepikhin, Minh-Thang Luong, and Orhan Firat. Beyond distillation: Task-level mixture-of-experts for efficient inference. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021, pp. 3577–3599, 2021. find
  49. Mike Lewis, Shruti Bhosale, Tim Dettmers, Naman Goyal, and Luke Zettlemoyer. Base layers: Simplifying training of large, sparse models. In International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 6265–6274. PMLR, 2021. find
  50. Patrick Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandra Piktus, Fabio Petroni, Vladimir Karpukhin, Naman Goyal, Heinrich Küttler, Mike Lewis, Wen-tau Yih, Tim Rocktäschel, et al. Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive nlp tasks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33: 9459–9474, 2020…
  51. Margaret Li, Suchin Gururangan, Tim Dettmers, Mike Lewis, Tim Althoff, Noah A Smith, and Luke Zettlemoyer. Branch-train-merge: Embarrassingly parallel training of expert language models. In First Workshop on Interpolation Regularizers and Beyond at NeurIPS 2022, 2022. find
  52. Jiacheng Liu, Alisa Liu, Ximing Lu, Sean Welleck, Peter West, Ronan Le Bras, Yejin Choi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. Generated knowledge prompting for commonsense reasoning. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 3154–3169… find
  53. Yixin Liu, Pengfei Liu, Dragomir Radev, and Graham Neubig. Brio: Bringing order to abstractive summarization. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 2890–2903, 2022b.
  54. Yujian Liu, Xinliang Frederick Zhang, David Wegsman, Nicholas Beauchamp, and Lu Wang. Politics: Pretraining with same-story article comparison for ideology prediction and stance detection. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2022, pp. 1354–1374, 2022c.
  55. Kyle Lo, Lucy Lu Wang, Mark Neumann, Rodney Kinney, and Daniel S Weld. S2orc: The semantic scholar open research corpus. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 4969–4983, 2020.
  56. Ziyang Luo, Can Xu, Pu Zhao, Xiubo Geng, Chongyang Tao, Jing Ma, Qingwei Lin, and Daxin Jiang. Augmented large language models with parametric knowledge guiding. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.04757, 2023.
  57. Alex Mallen, Akari Asai, Victor Zhong, Rajarshi Das, Daniel Khashabi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. When not to trust language models: Investigating effectiveness of parametric and non-parametric memories. In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume… find
  58. Saeed Masoudnia and Reza Ebrahimpour. Mixture of experts: a literature survey. The Artificial Intelligence Review, 42(2):275, 2014. find
  59. Michael S Matena and Colin A Raffel. Merging models with fisher-weighted averaging. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:17703–17716, 2022.
  60. Brendan McMahan, Eider Moore, Daniel Ramage, Seth Hampson, and Blaise Aguera y Arcas. Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data. In Artificial intelligence and statistics, pp. 1273–1282. PMLR, 2017. find
  61. Kevin Meng, Arnab Sen Sharma, Alex J Andonian, Yonatan Belinkov, and David Bau. Mass-editing memory in a transformer. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, 2022. find
  62. Sewon Min, Weijia Shi, Mike Lewis, Xilun Chen, Wen-tau Yih, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Luke Zettlemoyer. Nonparametric masked language modeling. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, pp. 2097–2118, July 2023. find
  63. Kosuke Nishida, Kyosuke Nishida, Masaaki Nagata, Atsushi Otsuka, Itsumi Saito, Hisako Asano, and Junji Tomita. Answering while summarizing: Multi-task learning for multi-hop qa with evidence extraction. In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 2… find
  64. Artidoro Pagnoni, Vidhisha Balachandran, and Yulia Tsvetkov. Understanding factuality in abstractive summarization with frank: A benchmark for factuality metrics. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Tech…
  65. Thomas Pellissier Tanon, Gerhard Weikum, and Fabian Suchanek. Yago 4: A reason-able knowledge base. In The Semantic Web: 17th International Conference, ESWC 2020, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, May 31–June 4, 2020, Proceedings 17, pp. 583–596. find
  66. Ethan Perez, Saffron Huang, Francis Song, Trevor Cai, Roman Ring, John Aslanides, Amelia Glaese, Nat McAleese, and Geoffrey Irving. Red teaming language models with language models. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 3419–3448, 2022.
  67. Fabio Petroni, Tim Rocktäschel, Sebastian Riedel, Patrick Lewis, Anton Bakhtin, Yuxiang Wu, and Alexander Miller. Language models as knowledge bases? In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Langu…
  68. Jonas Pfeiffer, Ivan Vulić, Iryna Gurevych, and Sebastian Ruder. Mad-x: An adapter-based framework for multi-task cross-lingual transfer. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 7654–7673, 2020.
  69. Jonas Pfeiffer, Naman Goyal, Xi Lin, Xian Li, James Cross, Sebastian Riedel, and Mikel Artetxe. Lifting the curse of multilinguality by pre-training modular transformers. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Langu…
  70. Ofir Press, Muru Zhang, Sewon Min, Ludwig Schmidt, Noah A Smith, and Mike Lewis. Measuring and narrowing the compositionality gap in language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.03350, 2022. find
  71. Yujia Qin, Jiajie Zhang, Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Maosong Sun, and Jie Zhou. Elle: Efficient lifelong pre-training for emerging data. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022, pp. 2789–2810, 2022. find
  72. Yujia Qin, Cheng Qian, Xu Han, Yankai Lin, Huadong Wang, Ruobing Xie, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun, and Jie Zhou. Recyclable tuning for continual pre-training. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.08702, 2023. find
  73. Jack W Rae, Anna Potapenko, Siddhant M Jayakumar, Chloe Hillier, and Timothy P Lillicrap. Compressive transformers for long-range sequence modelling. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2019.
  74. Hannah Rashkin, Eunsol Choi, Jin Yea Jang, Svitlana Volkova, and Yejin Choi. Truth of varying shades: Analyzing language in fake news and political fact-checking. In Proceedings of the 2017 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, pp. 2931–2937, 2017.
  75. Adam Roberts, Colin Raffel, and Noam Shazeer. How much knowledge can you pack into the parameters of a language model? In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 5418–5426, 2020. find
  76. Stephen Roller, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, Jason Weston, et al. Hash layers for large sparse models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 34:17555–17566, 2021. find
  77. Ohad Rubin, Jonathan Herzig, and Jonathan Berant. Learning to retrieve prompts for in-context learning. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 2655–2671, 2022.
  78. Alireza Salemi, Sheshera Mysore, Michael Bendersky, and Hamed Zamani. Lamp: When large language models meet personalization. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.11406, 2023.
  79. David Saxton, Edward Grefenstette, Felix Hill, and Pushmeet Kohli. Analysing mathematical reasoning abilities of neural models. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2019.
  80. Tal Schuster, Adam Fisch, and Regina Barzilay. Get your vitamin c! robust fact verification with contrastive evidence. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 624–643, 2021.
  81. Weijia Shi, Julian Michael, Suchin Gururangan, and Luke Zettlemoyer. Nearest neighbor zero-shot inference. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 3254–3265, 2022. find
  82. Weijia Shi, Sewon Min, Michihiro Yasunaga, Minjoon Seo, Rich James, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Wen-tau Yih. Replug: Retrieval-augmented black-box language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.12652, 2023.
  83. Taylor Shin, Yasaman Razeghi, Robert L Logan IV, Eric Wallace, and Sameer Singh. Autoprompt: Eliciting knowledge from language models with automatically generated prompts. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 4222–4235, 2020.
  84. Vered Shwartz, Peter West, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavatula, and Yejin Choi. Unsupervised commonsense question answering with self-talk. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 4615–4629, 2020. find
  85. Chenglei Si, Zhe Gan, Zhengyuan Yang, Shuohang Wang, Jianfeng Wang, Jordan Lee Boyd-Graber, and Lijuan Wang. Prompting gpt-3 to be reliable. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, 2022.
  86. Kaitao Song, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Jianfeng Lu, and Tie-Yan Liu. Mpnet: Masked and permuted pre-training for language understanding. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33: 16857–16867, 2020.
  87. Robyn Speer, Joshua Chin, and Catherine Havasi. Conceptnet 5.5: An open multilingual graph of general knowledge. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, volume 31, 2017. find
  88. Heiner Stuckenschmidt, Christine Parent, and Stefano Spaccapietra. Modular ontologies: concepts, theories and techniques for knowledge modularization, volume 5445. Springer, 2009. find
  89. Zhiqing Sun, Xuezhi Wang, Yi Tay, Yiming Yang, and Denny Zhou. Recitation-augmented language models. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, 2022. find
  90. Yi Tay, Vinh Tran, Mostafa Dehghani, Jianmo Ni, Dara Bahri, Harsh Mehta, Zhen Qin, Kai Hui, Zhe Zhao, Jai Gupta, et al. Transformer memory as a differentiable search index. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:21831–21843, 2022.
  91. Denny Vrandečić and Markus Krötzsch. Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase. Communications of the ACM, 57(10):78–85, 2014.
  92. Heng Wang, Wenqian Zhang, Yuyang Bai, Zhaoxuan Tan, Shangbin Feng, Qinghua Zheng, and Minnan Luo. Detecting spoilers in movie reviews with external movie knowledge and user networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.11411, 2023. find
  93. Xiaozhi Wang, Tianyu Gao, Zhaocheng Zhu, Zhengyan Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, Juanzi Li, and Jian Tang. Kepler: A unified model for knowledge embedding and pre-trained language representation. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 9:176–194, 2021. find
  94. Yujing Wang, Yingyan Hou, Haonan Wang, Ziming Miao, Shibin Wu, Qi Chen, Yuqing Xia, Chengmin Chi, Guoshuai Zhao, Zheng Liu, et al. A neural corpus indexer for document retrieval. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:25600–25614, 2022. find
  95. Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed H Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. Peter West, Chandra Bhagavatula, Jack Hessel, Jena Hwang, Liwei Jiang,…
  96. Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Rémi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, et al. Huggingface’s transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.03771, 2019.
  97. Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Rémi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, et al. Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing. In Proceedings of the 2020 conference on empirical methods in natural language process…
  98. Mitchell Wortsman, Gabriel Ilharco, Samir Ya Gadre, Rebecca Roelofs, Raphael Gontijo-Lopes, Ari S Morcos, Hongseok Namkoong, Ali Farhadi, Yair Carmon, Simon Kornblith, et al. Model soups: averaging weights of multiple fine-tuned models improves accuracy without increasing inference time. In Internat…
  99. Wenhao Yu, Dan Iter, Shuohang Wang, Yichong Xu, Mingxuan Ju, Soumya Sanyal, Chenguang Zhu, Michael Zeng, and Meng Jiang. Generate rather than retrieve: Large language models are strong context generators. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, 2022.
  100. Elad Ben Zaken, Yoav Goldberg, and Shauli Ravfogel. Bitfit: Simple parameter-efficient fine-tuning for transformer-based masked language-models. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers), pp. 1–9, 2022.
  101. Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Hannah Rashkin, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, Franziska Roesner, and Yejin Choi. Defending against neural fake news. Advances in neural information processing systems, 32, 2019.
  102. Jingqing Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mohammad Saleh, and Peter Liu. Pegasus: Pre-training with extracted gap-sentences for abstractive summarization. In International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 11328–11339. PMLR, 2020.
  103. Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Shuohui Chen, Christopher Dewan, Mona Diab, Xian Li, Xi Victoria Lin, et al. Opt: Open pre-trained transformer language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.01068, 2022.
  104. Xikun Zhang, Antoine Bosselut, Michihiro Yasunaga, Hongyu Ren, Percy Liang, Christopher D Manning, and Jure Leskovec. Greaselm: Graph reasoning enhanced language models. In International conference on learning representations, 2021. find
  105. Xinran Zhao, Hongming Zhang, Xiaoman Pan, Wenlin Yao, Dong Yu, and Jianshu Chen. Thrust: Adaptively propels large language models with external knowledge. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.10442, 2023. — [arXiv:2307.10442](https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.10442) find
  106. Zexuan Zhong, Tao Lei, and Danqi Chen. Training language models with memory augmentation. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 5657–5673, 2022. find
  107. Yukun Zhu, Ryan Kiros, Rich Zemel, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Raquel Urtasun, Antonio Torralba, and Sanja Fidler. Aligning books and movies: Towards story-like visual explanations by watching movies and reading books. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision, pp. 19–27, 2015…
  108. Shengyao Zhuang, Houxing Ren, Linjun Shou, Jian Pei, Ming Gong, Guido Zuccon, and Daxin Jiang. Bridging the gap between indexing and retrieval for differentiable search index with query generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.10128, 2022. — [arXiv:2206.10128](https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.10128) find

Updated

↑ back to top

This page in Markdown → https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/feng-2023-knowledge-card-filling-llms-knowledge/