Germany

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This is the German entry in the library's directory of research organisations. It covers the universities, laboratories, companies and other bodies in Germany whose researchers wrote more than one of the papers held on this site. The organisations are ordered by the cited work their scientists did there, and the listing runs onto a second page. The wider directory, covering every kind of organisation, is reached through all kinds.

The list should be read as a map of where German contributions to the library's collection come from. It is not a census of German science. It shows only works and people on this site. An institution's place in it reflects how much of the cited work in this collection its researchers produced, not its overall size or standing. What stands out is breadth. Large universities appear next to specialised research institutes, industrial laboratories and a university hospital, spread across most of the country's major research cities.

How the listing is ordered

The order follows the cited work scientists did at each institution. It is not a simple tally of papers. Some organisations with few works here sit near the top because those works have been widely cited. Others with many works sit lower because their papers have drawn less attention so far.

Constructor University in Bremen heads the list, even though its body of work in our library is small. It is followed by Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and the Technical University of Munich. Saarland University and Technische Universität Darmstadt come next. Both are among the institutions with the most papers in the collection, and both draw substantial citation attention.

Readers should therefore expect two kinds of institution near the top. Some contribute a steady stream of papers. Others are attached to a few works that have travelled far. The Max Planck Institute for Software Systems is the clearest case of the second kind. It appears with only a handful of works, yet these have gathered one of the largest citation totals of any German entry, which places it further down a list where volume and reach are weighed together.

Universities

Universities make up most of the listing, and they range widely in how they contribute to the collection.

Several universities combine a large body of papers with heavy citation. The University of Stuttgart has one of the largest bodies of work in our library, and that work is also very widely cited. Heidelberg University and the University of Tübingen each have a moderate number of papers but a high level of citation. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin shows a similar pattern: a fairly compact set of works that has been cited very widely.

Other universities stand out more for how much they publish than for citation reach. Universität Hamburg and the University of Potsdam each have many works in our library, with more modest citation totals than the Munich or Stuttgart universities. The same holds for Ruhr University Bochum, Bielefeld University and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf. These institutions supply a steady flow of papers whose influence is still building or is concentrated in narrower communities.

A further group contributes smaller sets of work, some of them unusually well cited. TU Dortmund University and Technische Universität Dresden each appear with few works that have drawn considerable attention. Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, in Halle, has only a couple of papers here, but they are well cited. The University of Bonn, the University of Passau and the University of Cologne contribute small but noticeable bodies of work.

The engineering-oriented universities are well represented. RWTH Aachen University, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Technische Universität Berlin and the Berliner Hochschule für Technik all appear alongside the Darmstadt and Munich technical universities. Universities known for broader academic profiles also take part, among them Leipzig University, the University of Mannheim, the University of Freiburg, the University of Göttingen and Friedrich Schiller University Jena. So do institutions with a distinctive character, such as Bauhaus-Universität Weimar and Paderborn University. Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg also appears, with a small and so far little-cited presence.

Research institutes

Non-university research institutes are a second major element of the German listing. Their names point to a concentration in computing, artificial intelligence and information science.

The German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence, listed under Kaiserslautern, is one of the more productive German entries by number of papers. The Max Planck Society, listed in Munich, has a small set of works with very wide citation. Several of its individual institutes appear separately. These are the Max Planck Institute for Informatics and the Max Planck Institute for Software Systems, both in Saarbrücken, and the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Stuttgart.

The Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies has a substantial body of work in our library, comparable in number to some of the larger universities, though its citations are more modest. The Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems in Sankt Augustin and the Hessian Center for Artificial Intelligence in Darmstadt each contribute a few papers. The Helmholtz Center for Information Security in Saarbrücken and the Hasso Plattner Institute in Potsdam each have a small number of works that have drawn meaningful citation.

Two institutes widen the picture beyond computing. Forschungszentrum Jülich appears with a few papers. The DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education in Frankfurt am Main brings an education-research institution into a list otherwise dominated by technical and scientific bodies.

Companies and a hospital

Industry is a visible part of the German contribution. The research arms or German offices of several companies are listed in their own right. Amazon (Germany), based in Berlin, has only a few works in our library, but they are well cited. Microsoft (Germany), listed in Munich, has a similarly small and well-cited presence.

German industrial firms appear as well. Robert Bosch, in Stuttgart, contributes a modest set of papers. Bayer, in Leverkusen, appears with a small number. The European Media Laboratory in Heidelberg is classed as a company and has a handful of works here.

The listing also includes a hospital. Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin appears with a few papers. This suggests that some of the German work in the collection reaches into medicine and health, even though the overall emphasis lies elsewhere.

Regional centres

Grouping the institutions by city shows several clusters within Germany.

Munich is one of the strongest. It is home to Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and the Technical University of Munich, both near the top of the listing. It is also where the Max Planck Society and Microsoft (Germany) are listed. Together these give the city a large share of the most cited German work in our library.

Berlin has the widest variety of institution types. It includes Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Technische Universität Berlin, the Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Amazon (Germany). Nearby Potsdam adds the University of Potsdam and the Hasso Plattner Institute.

Saarbrücken stands out for its concentration of computing institutions. These are Saarland University, the Max Planck Institute for Informatics, the Max Planck Institute for Software Systems and the Helmholtz Center for Information Security. Taken together, they make the city one of the main German sources of work in the collection.

Southwestern Germany forms another cluster. Stuttgart has the University of Stuttgart, the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems and Robert Bosch. Heidelberg has Heidelberg University, the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies and the European Media Laboratory. Tübingen, Mannheim, Karlsruhe and Freiburg im Breisgau are close by. In Hesse, Darmstadt pairs Technische Universität Darmstadt with the Hessian Center for Artificial Intelligence, and Frankfurt am Main is the base of the DIPF.

North Rhine-Westphalia contributes a dense network of universities and institutes. These include RWTH Aachen University, TU Dortmund University, Ruhr University Bochum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Bielefeld University, Paderborn University, the University of Cologne, the University of Bonn, the Fraunhofer institute in Sankt Augustin, Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bayer in Leverkusen. Further north and east, Bremen, Hamburg, Leipzig, Dresden, Halle, Jena, Weimar, Göttingen and Erlangen each add one institution or more.

What the listing suggests about research strengths

The directory lists institutions rather than topics, so any picture of subject strengths can only be drawn indirectly. Many of the research institutes have names that refer to artificial intelligence, informatics, software systems, intelligent systems, intelligent analysis or information security. Several of the most visible universities are technical universities. Together these suggest that the German work collected on this site leans strongly towards computing and related fields.

Other entries soften that picture. An education-research institute, a university hospital, a pharmaceutical and life-science company, and universities with broad humanities and social-science traditions all appear. They indicate that German contributions here are not confined to a single discipline. Readers who want subject detail should follow the links to individual institutions. Their own pages set out their works, people and topics.

Beyond the first page

The organisations described above are those on the first page of the German listing. More institutions continue on the second page. Those entries have generally done less of the cited work in our library, although some may still hold individual papers of interest.

Because the collection keeps growing, both the membership of the listing and the order of institutions can change as new works are added and existing ones gather citations. The listing is best read as a current snapshot of where, within Germany, the research gathered here has been carried out.