Findings of the 2021 Conference on Machine Translation (WMT21)
Written for the Research library (claude-opus-5-5) from the paper text. Original — aclanthology.org/2021.wmt-1.1.pdf
Summary
WMT21 is the yearly shared-evaluation campaign for machine translation. This report brings together the results of several of its tasks. The largest is the news task, which had 20 translation directions. Six of these did not involve English. New pairs included Hausa and Icelandic paired with English, plus Bengali↔Hindi and Xhosa↔Zulu.
Organizers built fresh source-original test sets and collected human direct assessment (DA) scores on a 100-point scale. They compared several annotation setups that differed in how much document context annotators could see. When annotators saw full documents, the human reference held up well. When sentences were judged in isolation, top systems often outscored it.
The report also covers four other tasks:
- similar-language translation (Dravidian, Romance, French→Bambara/Maninka)
- Russian→Chinese triangular MT
- multilingual low-resource translation in the cultural heritage domain
- automatic post-editing (APE)
All test data, system outputs and judgments are publicly released. This makes WMT21 a key benchmark for MT and evaluation research.
Key points
- News task setup: 20 directions, 14 with English and 6 without. Test sets targeted about 1000 sentences, with 1948 for Chinese→English. Bengali↔Hindi and Xhosa↔Zulu used FLORES-101 data of roughly 500 sentences.
- Evaluation variants: Human evaluation used several DA modes (SR+DC, SR+FD, SR−DC, contrastive pairs). German→English was additionally scored with the GENIE leaderboard. MQM scores for en→de, en→ru and zh→en appear in the metrics task paper.
- MLLR task: It covered North-Germanic languages (Icelandic, Norwegian Bokmål, Swedish) and Romance languages (Catalan, Italian, Occitan, Romanian), using Europeana and Wikipedia texts. The best results came from multilingual models with backtranslation and same-family high-resource data. Pivoting and in-domain data selection gave no benefit.
- APE task: It used English-German and English-Chinese Wikipedia data. Only two teams took part, both in English-German only. A single run significantly beat the do-nothing baseline on TER, yet human judges preferred every submission.
- Test suites: Five were collected and two were analysed in time for the proceedings. The German↔English linguistic test suite found big gains on idioms. False friends, ambiguity and multi-word expressions remained hard.
Cited by
- Do All Languages Cost the Same? Tokenization in the Era of Commercial Language Models
- Results of the WMT21 Metrics Shared Task: Evaluating Metrics with Expert-based Human Evaluations on TED and News Domain
- Hallucinations in Large Multilingual Translation Models
- Is ChatGPT A Good Translator? Yes With GPT-4 As The Engine
- Findings of the WMT25 General Machine Translation Shared Task: Time to Stop Evaluating on Easy Test Sets
- EuroLLM: Multilingual Language Models for Europe
- Prompting Large Language Model for Machine Translation: A Case Study
- A Survey of Large Language Models
Cite
@inproceedings{akhbardeh2021findings,
title = {{Findings of the 2021 Conference on Machine Translation (WMT21)}},
author = {Akhbardeh, Farhad and Arkhangorodsky, Arkady and Biesialska, Magdalena and Bojar, Ondřej and Chatterjee, Rajen and Chaudhary, Vishrav and Costa-jussa, Marta R. and España-Bonet, Cristina and Fan, Angela and Federmann, Christian and Freitag, Markus and Graham, Yvette and Grundkiewicz, Roman and Haddow, Barry and Harter, Leonie and Heafield, Kenneth and Homan, Christopher M. and Huck, Matthias and Amponsah-Kaakyire, Kwabena and Kasai, Jungo and Khashabi, Daniel and Knight, Kevin and Kocmi, Tom and Koehn, Philipp and Lourie, Nicholas and Monz, Christof and Morishita, Makoto and Nagata, Masaaki and Nagesh, Ajay and Nakazawa, Toshiaki and Negri, Matteo and Pal, Santanu and Tapo, Allahsera Auguste and Turchi, Marco and Vydrin, Valentin and Zampieri, Marcos},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation},
year = {2021},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.wmt-1.1/}
}References
- Md Mahfuz Ibn Alam, Ivana Kvapilíková, Antonios Anastasopoulos, Laurent Besacier, Georgiana Dinu, Marcello Federico, Matthias Gallé, Kweonwoo Jung, Philipp Koehn, and Vassilina Nikoulina. 2021. Findings of the wmt shared task on machine translation using terminologies. In Proceedings of the Sixth Co… find
- Eleftherios Avramidis, Vivien Macketanz, Ursula Strohriegel, Aljoscha Burchardt, and Sebastian Möller. 2020. Fine-grained linguistic evaluation for state-of-the-art machine translation. In Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Eleftherios Avramidis, Vivien Macketanz, Ursula Strohriegel, and Hans Uszkoreit. 2019. Linguistic Evaluation of German-English Machine Translation Using a Test Suite. In Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation, Florence, Italy. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- George Awad, Asad Butt, Keith Curtis, Jonathan Fiscus, Afzal Godil, Yooyoung Lee, Andrew Delgado, Jesse Zhang, Eliot Godard, Baptiste Chocot, Lukas Diduch, Jeffrey Liu, Alan Smeaton, Yvette Graham, Gareth Jones, Wessel Kraaij, and Georges Quenot. 2021. find
- Trecvid 2020: A comprehensive campaign for evaluating video retrieval tasks across multiple application domains. find
- The organizers of the Similar Languages Task would like to thank Pangeanic for the Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, and Romanian data and the Directorate-General for Language Policy at the Ministry of Culture, Government of Catalonia for the Catalan translations. They further thank the AI Journal - Fun… find
- George Awad, Asad Butt, Keith Curtis, Yooyoung Lee, Jonathan Fiscus, Afzal Godil, Andrew Delgado, Jesse Zhang, Eliot Godard, Luca Diduch, Alan F. Smeaton, Yvette Graham, and Wessel Kraaij. 2019. find
- Trecvid 2019: An evaluation campaign to benchmark video activity detection, video captioning and matching, and video search & retrieval. In Proceedings of TRECVID, volume 2019. find
- Marta Bañón, Pinzhen Chen, Barry Haddow, Kenneth Heafield, Hieu Hoang, Miquel Esplà-Gomis, Mikel L. Forcada, Amir Kamran, Faheem Kirefu, Philipp Koehn, Sergio Ortiz Rojas, Leopoldo Pla Sempere, Gema Ramírez-Sánchez, Elsa Sarrías, Marek Strelec, Brian Thompson, William Waites, Dion Wiggins, and Jaume… find our card
- Ondřej Bojar would like to acknowledge the grant no. 19-26934X (NEUREM3) of the Czech Science Foundation for his time as well as co-funding manual annotation. Support was provided by Science Foundation Ireland in the ADAPT Centre for Digital Content Technology (www.adaptcentre.ie) at Trinity Colleg… find our card
- Loïc Barrault, Magdalena Biesialska, Ondřej Bojar, Marta R. Costa-jussà, Christian Federmann, Yvette Graham, Roman Grundkiewicz, Barry Haddow, Matthias Huck, Eric Joanis, Tom Kocmi, Philipp Koehn, Chi-kiu Lo, Nikola Ljubešić, Christof Monz, Makoto Morishita, Masaaki Nagata, Toshiaki Nakazawa, Sant… find our card
- Ondřej Bojar, Rajen Chatterjee, Christian Federmann, Yvette Graham, Barry Haddow, Matthias Huck, Antonio Jimeno Yepes, Philipp Koehn, Varvara Logacheva, Christof Monz, Matteo Negri, Aurelie Neveol, Mariana Neves, Martin Popel, Matt Post, Raphael Rubino, Carolina Scarton, Lucia Specia, Marco Turchi,… find our card
- Loïc Barrault, Ondřej Bojar, Marta R. Costa-jussà, Christian Federmann, Mark Fishel, Yvette Graham, Barry Haddow, Matthias Huck, Philipp Koehn, Shervin Malmasi, Christof Monz, Mathias Müller, Santanu Pal, Matt Post, and Marcos Zampieri. 2019. Findings of the 2019 Conference on Machine Translation (… find our card
- Ondřej Bojar, Rajen Chatterjee, Christian Federmann, Barry Haddow, Matthias Huck, Chris Hokamp, Philipp Koehn, Varvara Logacheva, Christof Monz, Matteo Negri, Matt Post, Carolina Scarton, Lucia Specia, and Marco Turchi. 2015. Findings of the 2015 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation. In Proc… find our card
- Alberto Barrón-Cedeño, Cristina España-Bonet, Josu Boldoba, and Lluís Màrquez. 2015. A Factory of Comparable Corpora from Wikipedia. In Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora, pages 3–13. find
- Chao Bei and Hao Zong. 2021. Gtcom neural machine translation systems for wmt21. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Ondřej Bojar, Rajen Chatterjee, Christian Federmann, Mark Fishel, Yvette Graham, Barry Haddow, Matthias Huck, Antonio Jimeno Yepes, Philipp Koehn, André Martins, Christof Monz, Matteo Negri, Aurélie Névéol, Mariana Neves, Matt Post, Marco Turchi, and Karin Verspoor, editors. 2019. Proceedings of th… find
- Ondřej Bojar, Christian Buck, Christian Federmann, Barry Haddow, Philipp Koehn, Johannes Leveling, Christof Monz, Pavel Pecina, Matt Post, Herve Saint-Amand, Radu Soricut, Lucia Specia, and Aleš Tamchyna. 2014. Findings of the 2014 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the… find our card
- Ondřej Bojar, Jiří Mírovský, Kateřina Rysová, and Magdaléna Rysová. 2018b. EvalD Reference-Less Discourse Evaluation for WMT18. In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation, Brussels, Belgium. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Ondřej Bojar, Rajen Chatterjee, Christian Federmann, Yvette Graham, Barry Haddow, Matthias Huck, Philipp Koehn, Varvara Logacheva, Christof Monz, Matteo Negri, Matt Post, Raphael Rubino, Lucia Specia, and Marco Turchi. 2017. Findings of the 2017 Conference on Machine Translation (WMT17). In Proceed… find our card
- Chris Callison-Burch, Cameron Shaw Fordyce, Philipp Koehn, Christof Monz, and Josh Schroeder. 2007. (Meta-) Evaluation of Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pages 136–158, Prague, Czech Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Ondřej Bojar, Christian Federmann, Mark Fishel, Yvette Graham, Barry Haddow, Philipp Koehn, and Christof Monz. 2018a. Findings of the 2018 conference on machine translation (WMT18). In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers, pages 272–303, Belgium, Brussels.… find our card
- Chris Callison-Burch, Cameron Shaw Fordyce, Philipp Koehn, Christof Monz, and Josh Schroeder. 2008. Further Meta-Evaluation of Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pages 70–106, Columbus, Ohio. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Rajen Chatterjee, Matteo Negri, Raphael Rubino, and Marco Turchi. 2018. Findings of the WMT 2018 shared task on automatic post-editing. In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers, pages 710–725, Belgium, Brussels. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Chris Callison-Burch, Philipp Koehn, Christof Monz, Kay Peterson, Mark Przybocki, and Omar Zaidan. 2010. Findings of the 2010 Joint Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and Metrics for Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and Metri… find
- Rajen Chatterjee, Marion Weller, Matteo Negri, and Marco Turchi. 2015. Exploring the Planet of the APEs: a Comparative Study of State-of-the-art Methods for MT Automatic Post-Editing. In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics), Beijing, China. find
- Chris Callison-Burch, Philipp Koehn, Christof Monz, Matt Post, Radu Soricut, and Lucia Specia. 2012. Findings of the 2012 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pages 10–48, Montreal, Canada. Association for Computation… find our card
- Pinzhen Chen, Jindřich Helcl, Ulrich Germann, Laurie Burchell, Nikolay Bogoychev, Antonio Valerio Miceli Barone, Jonas Waldendorf, Alexandra Birch, and Kenneth Heafield. 2021. The University of Edinburgh’s English-German and English-Hausa submissions to the WMT21 news translation task. In Proceedin… find
- Chris Callison-Burch, Philipp Koehn, Christof Monz, and Josh Schroeder. 2009. Findings of the 2009 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pages 1–28, Athens, Greece. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Chris Callison-Burch, Philipp Koehn, Christof Monz, and Omar Zaidan. 2011. Findings of the 2011 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pages 22–64, Edinburgh, Scotland. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Wei-Rui Chen and Muhammad Abdul-Mageed. 2021. Machine translation of low-resource indo-european languages. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Sheila Castilho. 2020. On the same page? comparing inter-annotator agreement in sentence and document level human machine translation evaluation. In Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Machine Translation, pages 1150–1159, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Marta R. Costa-jussà, Marcos Zampieri, and Santanu Pal. 2018. A Neural Approach to Language Variety Translation. In Proceedings of VarDial. find
- Yin Cui, Menglin Jia, Tsung-Yi Lin, Yang Song, and Serge Belongie. 2019. Class-balanced loss based on effective number of samples. In 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pages 9260–9269. find
- Sheila Castilho, Maja Popović, and Andy Way. 2020. On context span needed for machine translation evaluation. In Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 3735– 3742, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association. find
- Rohit Dholakia and Anoop Sarkar. 2014. Pivot-based triangulation for low-resource languages. In Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA), volume 1, pages 315–328. find
- Mauro Cettolo, Marcello Federico, Luisa Bentivogli, Jan Niehues, Sebastian Stüker, Katsuhito Sudoh, Koichiro Yoshino, and Christian Federmann. 2017. Overview of the iwslt 2017 evaluation campaign. In Proc. of IWSLT, Tokyo, Japan. find our card
- Ahmed El-Kishky, Vishrav Chaudhary, Francisco Guzmán, and Philipp Koehn. 2020. CCAligned: A massive collection of cross-lingual web-document pairs. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pages 5960–5969, Online. Association for Computationa… find our card
- Rajen Chatterjee, Christian Federmann, Matteo Negri, and Marco Turchi. 2019. Findings of the WMT 2019 shared task on automatic post-editing. In Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2), pages 11–28, Florence, Italy. Association for Computation… find
- Grant Erdmann, Jeremy Gwinnup, and Tim Anderson. 2021. Tune in: The afrl wmt21 news-translation systems. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Rajen Chatterjee, Markus Freitag, Matteo Negri, and Marco Turchi. 2020. Findings of the WMT 2020 shared task on automatic post-editing. In Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Machine Translation, pages 646–659, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Carlos Escolano, Ioannis Tsiamas, Christine Basta, Javier Ferrando, Marta R. Costa-jussà, and José A. R. Fonollosa. 2021. The talp-upc participation in wmt21 news translation task: an mbart-based nmt Angela Fan. 2021. The FLORES-101 Evaluation Benchmark for Low-Resource and Multilingual Machine Tran… find
- Cristina España-Bonet, Alberto Barrón-Cedeño, and Lluís Màrquez. 2020. Tailoring and Evaluating the Wikipedia for in-Domain Comparable Corpora Extraction. find
- Yvette Graham, George Awad, and Alan Smeaton. 2018. Evaluation of automatic video captioning using direct assessment. PLOS ONE, 13(9):1–20. find
- Angela Fan, Shruti Bhosale, Holger Schwenk, Zhiyi Ma, Ahmed El-Kishky, Siddharth Goyal, Mandeep Baines, Onur Celebi, Guillaume Wenzek, Vishrav Chaudhary, Naman Goyal, Tom Birch, Vitaliy Liptchinsky, Sergey Edunov, Edouard Grave, Michael Auli, and Armand Joulin. 2020. Beyond english-centric multiling… find
- Yvette Graham, Timothy Baldwin, Alistair Moffat, and Justin Zobel. 2013. Continuous Measurement Scales in Human Evaluation of Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse, pages 33–41, Sofia, Bulgaria. Association for Computational… find
- Christian Federmann. 2012. Appraise: an open-source toolkit for manual evaluation of mt output. The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics, 98:25– 35. find
- Yvette Graham, Timothy Baldwin, Alistair Moffat, and Justin Zobel. 2014. Is Machine Translation Getting Better over Time? In Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 443– 451, Gothenburg, Sweden. Association for Computational… find
- Christian Federmann. 2018. Appraise evaluation framework for machine translation. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, pages 86–88, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Yvette Graham, Timothy Baldwin, Alistair Moffat, and Justin Zobel. 2016. Can machine translation systems be evaluated by the crowd alone. Natural Language Engineering, pages 1–28. find
- Joseph L. Fleiss. 1971. Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychological Bulletin, 76(5):378–382. find
- Yvette Graham, Barry Haddow, and Philipp Koehn. 2019. Translationese in Machine Translation Evaluation. arXiv e-prints, page arXiv:1906.09833. find
- Markus Freitag, Isaac Caswell, and Scott Roy. 2019. APE at scale and its implications on MT evaluation biases. In Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers), pages 34–44, Florence, Italy. Association for Computational Linguistics. find our card
- Yvette Graham, Barry Haddow, and Philipp Koehn. 2020. Statistical power and translationese in machine translation evaluation. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pages 72–81, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find our card
- Markus Freitag, George F. Foster, David Grangier, Viresh Ratnakar, Qijun Tan, and Wolfgang Macherey. 2021a. Experts, errors, and context: A large-scale study of human evaluation for machine translation. CoRR, abs/2104.14478. find our card
- Roman Grundkiewicz, Marcin Junczys-Dowmunt, Christian Federmann, and Tom Kocmi. 2021. On user interfaces for large-scale document-level human evaluation of machine translation outputs. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Human Evaluation of NLP Systems (HumEval), pages 97–106, Online. Association for… find
- Markus Freitag, Ricardo Rei, Nitika Mathur, Chi-kiu Lo, Craig Stewart, George Foster, Alon Lavie, and Ondřej Bojar. 2021b. Results of the wmt21 metrics shared task: Evaluating metrics with expert-based human evaluations on ted and news domain. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Trans… find our card
- Hangcheng Guo, Wenbin Liu, Yanqing He, Tian Lan, Hongjiao Xu, Zhenfeng Wu, and You Pan. 2021. Istic’s triangular machine translation system for wmt2021. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Petr Gebauer, Ondřej Bojar, Vojtěch Švandelík, and Martin Popel. 2021. Cuni systems in wmt21: Revisiting backtranslation techniques for english-czech nmt. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Barry Haddow and Faheem Kirefu. 2020. Pmindia–a collection of parallel corpora of languages of india. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.09907. — [arXiv:2001.09907](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09907) find
- Naman Goyal, Cynthia Gao, Vishrav Chaudhary, Peng-Jen Chen, Guillaume Wenzek, Da Ju, Sanjana Krishnan, Marc’Aurelio Ranzato, Francisco Guzman, and Kenneth Heafield, Qianqian Zhu, and Roman Grundkiewicz. 2021. Findings of the wmt 2021 shared task on efficient translation. In Proceedings of the Hossei… find
- Philipp Koehn. 2005. Europarl: A parallel corpus for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit X: Papers, pages 79– 86, Phuket, Thailand. find
- Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Amr Hendy, Esraa A. Gad, Mohamed Abdelghaffar, Jailan S. ElMosalami, Mohamed Afify, Ahmed Y. Tawfik, and Hany Hassan Awadalla. 2021. Ensembling of distilled models from multi-task teachers for constrained resource language pairs. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online.… find
- Philipp Koehn and Christof Monz. 2006. Manual and Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation between European Languages. In Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pages 102–121, New York City. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Josef Jon, Michal Novák, João Paulo Aires, Dusan Varis, and Ondřej Bojar. 2021. Cuni systems for wmt21: Multilingual low-resource translation for indo-european languages shared task. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Mikołaj Koszowski, Karol Grzegorczyk, and Tsimur Hadeliya. 2021. Allegro.eu submission to wmt21 news translation task. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Anoop Kunchukuttan. 2020. The IndicNLP Library. https://github.com/anoopkunchukuttan/ indic\_nlp\_library/blob/master/docs/ indicnlp.pdf. ↗
- Marcin Junczys-Dowmunt and Roman Grundkiewicz. 2016. Log-linear Combinations of Monolingual and Bilingual Neural Machine Translation Models for Automatic Post-Editing. In Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation, pages 751– 758, Berlin, Germany. Association for Computational Lingui… find
- Samuel Laubli, Sheila Castilho, Graham Neubig, Rico Sennrich, Qinlan Shen, and Antonio Toral. 2020. A set of recommendations for assessing human–machine parity in language translation. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR), 67. find
- Haukur Jónsson, Haukur Barri Símonarson, Vésteinn Snæbjarnarson, Pétur Orri Ragnarson, and Vilhjálmur Þorsteinsson. 2021. Miðeind’s wmt 2021 submission. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Samuel Läubli, Rico Sennrich, and Martin Volk. 2018a. Has machine translation achieved human parity? a case for document-level evaluation. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 4791–4796, Brussels, Belgium. Association for Computational Ling… find our card
- Ksenia Kharitonova, Ona de Gibert Bonet, Jordi Armengol-Estapé, Mar Rodriguez i Alvarez, and Maite Melero. 2021. Transfer learning with shallow decoders: Bsc at wmt2021’s multilingual low-resource translation for indo-european languages shared task. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine… find
- Samuel Läubli, Rico Sennrich, and Martin Volk. 2018b. Has Neural Machine Translation Achieved Human Parity? A Case for Document-level Evaluation. In EMNLP 2018, Brussels, Belgium. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Daniel Khashabi, Gabriel Stanovsky, Jonathan Bragg, Nicholas Lourie, Jungo Kasai, Yejin Choi, Noah A. Smith, and Daniel S. Weld. 2021. GENIE: A leaderboard for human-in-the-loop evaluation of text generation. find
- Giang Le, Shinka Mori, and Lane Schwartz. 2021. Illinois Japanese ↔ English News Translation for WMT 2021. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Yunsu Kim, Petre Petrov, Pavel Petrushkov, Shahram Khadivi, and Hermann Ney. 2019. Pivot-based transfer learning for neural machine translation between non-english languages. CoRR, abs/1909.09524. find
- Zongyao Li, Daimeng Wei, Hengchao Shang, Xiaoyu Chen, Zhanglin Wu, Zhengzhe Yu, Jiaxin Guo, Minghan Wang, Lizhi Lei, Min Zhang, Hao Yang, and Ying Qin. 2021a. Hw-tsc’s participation in the wmt 2021 triangular mt shared task. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Asso… find
- Tom Kocmi, Christian Federmann, Roman Grundkiewicz, Marcin Junczys-Dowmunt, Hitokazu Matsushita, and Arul Menezes. 2021. To Ship or Not to Ship: An Extensive Evaluation of Automatic Metrics for Machine Translation. arXiv e-prints, page arXiv:2107.10821. find
- Zuchao Li, Masao Utiyama, Eiichiro Sumita, and Hai Zhao. 2021b. Miss@wmt21: Contrastive learning-reinforced domain adaptation in neural machine translation. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Philipp Koehn. 2004. Statistical Significance Tests for Machine Translation Evaluation. In Proceedings of EMNLP 2004, pages 388–395, Barcelona, Spain. find
- Jindřich Libovický and Alexander Fraser. 2021. Findings of the wmt 2021 shared tasks in unsupervised mt and very low resource supervised mt. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Shivam Mhaskar and Pushpak Bhattacharyya. 2021. Pivot based transfer learning for neural machine translation: Cfilt iitb @ wmt 2021 triangular mt. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Tsung-Yi Lin, Priya Goyal, Ross B. Girshick, Kaiming He, and Piotr Dollár. 2017. Focal loss for dense object detection. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pages 2999–3007. find our card
- Simon Mille, Anja Belz, Bernd Bohnet, Yvette Graham, Emily Pitler, and Leo Wanner. 2018. The first multilingual surface realisation shared task (sr’18): Overview and evaluation results. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation, pages 1–12. Association for Computationa… find our card
- Wang Ling, Guang Xiang, Chris Dyer, Alan Black, and Isabel Trancoso. 2013. Microblogs as Parallel Corpora. In Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 176–186, Sofia, Bulgaria. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Simon Mille, Anja Belz, Bernd Bohnet, Yvette Graham, and Leo Wanner. 2019. The second multilingual surface realisation shared task (SR’19): Overview and evaluation results. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation (MSR 2019), pages 1–17, Hong Kong, China. Association fo… find
- Huan Liu, Junpeng Liu, Kaiyu Huang, and Degen Huang. 2021a. Dutnlp machine translation system for wmt21 triangular translation task. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Makoto Morishita, Jun Suzuki, and Masaaki Nagata. 2020. JParaCrawl: A large scale web-based English-Japanese parallel corpus. In Proceedings of The 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 3603–3609. find
- Pengfei Liu, Jinlan Fu, Yang Xiao, Weizhe Yuan, Shuaicheng Chang, Junqi Dai, Yixin Liu, Zihuiwen Ye, and Graham Neubig. 2021b. Explainaboard: An explainable leaderboard for nlp. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.06387. find
- Matteo Negri, Marco Turchi, Rajen Chatterjee, and Nicola Bertoldi. 2018. eSCAPE: a Large-scale Synthetic Corpus for Automatic Post-Editing. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), Miyazaki, Japan. European Language Resources Associati… find
- Shikun Liu, Edward Johns, and Andrew J. Davison. 2019. End-to-end multi-task learning with attention. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). find
- Nikola Ljubešić and Antonio Toral. 2014. caWaC – a web corpus of Catalan and its application to language modeling and machine translation. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’14), pages 1728–1732, Reykjavik, Iceland. European Language Reso… find
- Jekaterina Novikova, Ondřej Dušek, and Verena Rieser. 2018. RankME: Reliable human ratings for natural language generation. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers), pag… find
- Vivien Macketanz, Eleftherios Avramidis, Aljoscha Burchardt, and Hans Uszkoreit. 2018. Fine-grained evaluation of German-English Machine Translation based on a Test Suite. In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation, Brussels, Belgium. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Artur Nowakowski and Tomasz Dwojak. 2021. Adam mickiewicz university’s english-hausa submissions to the wmt 2021 news translation task. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Vivien Macketanz, Eleftherios Avramidis, Shushen Manakhimova, and Sebastian Möller. 2021. Linguistic evaluation for the 2021 state-of-the-art machine translation systems for german to english and english to german. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association fo… find
- Shinhyeok Oh, Sion Jang, Hu Xu, Shounan An, and Insoo Oh. 2021. Netmarble AI Center’s WMT21 Automatic Post-Editing Shared Task Submission. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. find
- Csaba Oravecz, Katina Bontcheva, David Kolovratník, Bhavani Bhaskar, Michael Jellinghaus, and Andreas Eisele. 2021. etranslation’s submissions to the wmt 2021 news translation task. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Ander Martinez. 2021. The fujitsu dmath submissions for wmt21 news translation and biomedical translation tasks. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Lihua Qian, Yi Zhou, Zaixiang Zheng, Yaoming ZHU, Zehui Lin, Jiangtao Feng, Shanbo Cheng, Lei Li, Mingxuan Wang, and Hao Zhou. 2021. The volctrans glat system: Non-autoregressive translation meets wmt21. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computati… find
- Myle Ott, Sergey Edunov, Alexei Baevski, Angela Fan, Sam Gross, Nathan Ng, David Grangier, and Michael Auli. 2019. fairseq: A fast, extensible toolkit for sequence modeling. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstr… find our card
- Roberts Rozis and Raivis Skadin , š. 2017. Tilde MODEL - multilingual open data for EU languages. In Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 263–265, Gothenburg, Sweden. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Myle Ott, Sergey Edunov, David Grangier, and Michael Auli. 2018. Scaling neural machine translation. In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation (WMT). find our card
- Proyag Pal, Alham Fikri Aji, Pinzhen Chen, and Sukanta Sen. 2021. The University of Edinburgh’s Bengali-Hindi submissions to the WMT21 news translation task. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Keisuke Sakaguchi and Benjamin Van Durme. 2018. Efficient online scalar annotation with bounded support. In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 208–218, Melbourne, Australia. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward, and Wei-Jing Zhu. 2002. Bleu: A method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL ’02, pages 311–318, Stroudsburg, PA, USA. Association for Computational Lingu… find our card
- Holger Schwenk, Vishrav Chaudhary, Shuo Sun, Hongyu Gong, and Francisco Guzmán. 2019. Wiki-Matrix: Mining 135M Parallel Sentences in 1620 Language Pairs from Wikipedia. arXiv e-prints, page arXiv:1907.05791. find our card
- Abhishek Sharma, Prabhakar Gupta, and Anil Nelakanti. 2021. Adapting Neural Machine Translation for Automatic Post-Editing. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. find
- Jeonghyeok Park, Hyunjoong Kim, and Hyunchang Cho. 2021. Papago’s submissions to the wmt21 triangular translation task. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Shashank Siripragada, Jerin Philip, Vinay P. Namboodiri, and C V Jawahar. 2020. A multilingual parallel corpora collection effort for Indian languages. In Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 3743–3751, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association… find
- Nikita Pavlichenko, Ivan Stelmakh, and Dmitry Ustalov. 2021. Crowdspeech and vox DIY: Benchmark dataset for crowdsourced audio transcription. In Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track (Round 1). find
- Martin Popel and Ondřej Bojar. 2018. Training Tips for the Transformer Model. The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics, 110(1):43–70. find
- Matthew Snover, Bonnie Dorr, Richard Schwartz, Linnea Micciulla, and John Makhoul. 2006. A study of translation edit rate with targeted human annotation. In Proceedings of association for machine translation in the Americas, pages 223–231. find our card
- Martin Popel, Marketa Tomkova, Jakub Tomek, Łukasz Kaiser, Jakob Uszkoreit, Ondřej Bojar, and Zdeněk Žabokrtský. 2020. Transforming machine translation: a deep learning system reaches news translation quality comparable to human professionals. Nature Communications, 11(4381):1–15. find
- Lucia Specia, Frédéric Blain, Marina Fomicheva, Chrysoula Zerva, Zhenhao Li, Vishrav Chaudhary, and André F. T. Martins. 2021. Findings of the wmt 2021 shared task on quality estimation. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find our card
- Maja Popović, Alberto Poncelas, Marija Brkic, and Andy Way. 2020. Neural machine translation for translating into Croatian and Serbian. In Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects (VarDial). find
- Ralf Steinberger, Bruno Pouliquen, Anna Widiger, Camelia Ignat, Tomaž Erjavec, Dan Tufiş, and Dániel Varga. 2006. The JRC-Acquis: A multilingual aligned parallel corpus with 20+ languages. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’06), Genoa, It… find
- Lihua Qian, Hao Zhou, Yu Bao, Mingxuan Wang, Lin Qiu, Weinan Zhang, Yong Yu, and Lei Li. 2020. Glancing transformer for non-autoregressive neural machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.07905. find
- Machine Translation: Research Papers, pages 113– 123, Belgium, Brussels. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Steinþór Steingrímsson, Sigrún Helgadóttir, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson, Starkaður Barkarson, and Jón Guðnason. 2018. Risamálheild: A very large Icelandic text corpus. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), Miyazaki, Japan. find
- Chau Tran, Shruti Bhosale, James Cross, Philipp Koehn, Sergey Edunov, and Angela Fan. 2021. Facebook ai’s wmt21 news translation task submission. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Sandeep Subramanian, Oleksii Hrinchuk, Virginia Adams, and Oleksii Kuchaiev. 2021. Nvidia nemo’s neural machine translation systems for english-german and english-russian news and biomedical tasks at wmt21. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Comput… find
- Marco Turchi, Matteo Negri, and Marcello Federico. 2013. Coping with the subjectivity of human judgements in MT quality estimation. In Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pages 240–251, Sofia, Bulgaria. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Roman Sudarikov, Martin Popel, Ondřej Bojar, Aljoscha Burchardt, and Ondřej Klejch. 2016. Using MT-ComparEval. In Translation Evaluation: From Fragmented Tools and Data Sets to an Integrated Ecosystem, pages 76–82. find
- Masao Utiyama and Hitoshi Isahara. 2007. A Comparison of Pivot Methods for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation. In Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference, pages 484–4… find
- Allahsera Auguste Tapo, Bakary Coulibaly, Sébastien Diarra, Christopher Homan, Julia Kreutzer, Sarah Luger, Arthur Nagashima, Marcos Zampieri, and Michael Leventhal. 2020. Neural machine translation for extremely low-resource african languages: A case study on bambara. In Proceedings of the 3rd Work… find
- Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Ł ukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. In I. Guyon, U. V. Luxburg, S. Bengio, H. Wallach, R. Fergus, S. Vishwanathan, and R. Garnett, editors, Advances in Neural Information Proces… find
- Svetlana Tchistiakova, Jesujoba Alabi, Koel Dutta Chowdhury, Sourav Dutta, and Dana Ruiter. 2021. Edinsaar@wmt21: North-germanic low-resource multilingual nmt. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Longyue Wang, Mu Li, Fangxu Liu, Shuming Shi, Zhaopeng Tu, Xing Wang, Shuangzhi Wu, Jiali Zeng, and Wen Zhang. 2021. Tencent translation system for the wmt21 news translation task. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Jörg Tiedemann. 2009. News from OPUS - a collection of multilingual parallel corpora with tools and interfaces. In Proceedings of the Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, pages 237–248. John Benjamins. find
- Jörg Tiedemann and Lars Nygaard. 2004. The opus corpus-parallel and free: http://logos.uio.no/opus. In Proceedings of LREC. ↗
- Daimeng Wei, Zongyao Li, Zhanglin Wu, Zhengzhe Yu, Xiaoyu Chen, Hengchao Shang, Jiaxin Guo, Minghan Wang, Lizhi Lei, Min Zhang, Hao Yang, and Ying Qin. 2021. Hw-tsc’s participation in the wmt 2021 news translation shared task. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. As… find
- Jörg Tiedemann. 2012. Parallel data, tools and interfaces in opus. In Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’12), Istanbul, Turkey. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). find
- Antonio Toral, Sheila Castilho, Ke Hu, and Andy Way. 2018a. Attaining the Unattainable? Reassessing Claims of Human Parity in Neural Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation, Brussels, Belgium. Association for Computational Linguistics. find our card
- Guillaume Wenzek, Vishrav Chaudhary, Angela Fan, Sahir Gomez, Naman Goyal, Somya Jain, Douwe Kiela, Tristan Thrush, and Francisco Guzmán. 2021. Findings on the wmt 2021 shared task on large-scale multilingual machine translation. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online.… find
- Antonio Toral, Sheila Castilho, Ke Hu, and Andy Way. 2018b. Attaining the unattainable? reassessing claims of human parity in neural machine translation. In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Hua Wu and Haifeng Wang. 2009. Revisiting Pivot Language Approach for Machine Translation. In Proceeding… find our card
- Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP, pages 154–162, Suntec, Singapore. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Jitao Xu, Minh Quang Pham, Sadaf Abdul Rauf, and François Yvon. 2021. LISN @ WMT 2021. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Barret Zoph, Deniz Yuret, Jonathan May, and Kevin Knight. 2016. Transfer learning for low-resource neural machine translation. In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 1568–1575, Austin, Texas. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Linting Xue, Noah Constant, Adam Roberts, Mihir Kale, Rami Al-Rfou, Aditya Siddhant, Aditya Barua, and Colin Raffel. 2021. mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Ling… find
- Han Yang, Bojie Hu, Wanying Xie, ambyera han, Pan Liu, Jinan Xu, and Qi Ju. 2021. Tentrans multilingual low-resource translation system for wmt21 indo-european languages task. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Lana Yeganova, Dina Wiemann, Mariana Neves, Federica Vezzani, Amy Siu, Inigo Jauregi Unanue, Maite Oronoz, Nancy Mah, Aurélie Névéol, David Martinez, Rachel Bawden, Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio, Roland Roller, Philippe Thomas, Cristian Grozea, Olatz Perez-de Viñaspre, Maika Vicente Navarro, and Antonio J… find
- Hui Zeng. 2021. Small model and in-domain data are all you need. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Xianfeng Zeng, Yijin Liu, Ernan Li, Qiu Ran, Fandong Meng, Peng Li, Jinan Xu, and Jie Zhou. 2021. Wechat neural machine translation systems for wmt21. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Boliang Zhang, Ajay Nagesh, and Kevin Knight. 2020. Parallel corpus filtering via pre-trained language models. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2020, Online, July 5-10, 2020, pages 8545– 8554. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Shiyu Zhao, Xiaopu Li, Minghui Wu, and Jie Hao. 2021. The mininglamp machine translation system for wmt21. In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. find