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home / papers / 2025 / GLM-4.5: Agentic, Reasoning, and Coding (ARC) Foundation Models

GLM-4.5: Agentic, Reasoning, and Coding (ARC) Foundation Models

Summary

Open-source LLMs have trailed proprietary systems such as o3 and Claude Sonnet 4 when a single model must combine tool use, multi-step reasoning, and real-world software engineering. The GLM-4.5 Team (Zhipu AI & Tsinghua University) addresses this gap with GLM-4.5, a Mixture-of-Experts model with 355B total and 32B active parameters, and a lighter GLM-4.5-Air (106B total, 12B active). Both models can either reason step by step or answer directly. The design favors depth over width and adds extra attention heads, QK-Norm, and an MTP layer for speculative decoding. Training covers roughly 23T tokens. It begins with quality-bucketed general data and then shifts toward code and science. Mid-training follows, using repository-level code, synthetic reasoning traces, and long-context and agent data, while the context window grows from 4K to 128K. Post-training combines expert model iteration with reinforcement learning. Across 12 ARC benchmarks, GLM-4.5 ranks 3rd overall and 2nd on agentic tasks, despite having far fewer parameters than DeepSeek-R1 or Kimi K2. The open weights and evaluation toolkit give researchers a strong base for agent and coding work.

Key points

  • Headline scores for GLM-4.5: TAU-Bench 70.1%, BFCL v3 77.8%, BrowseComp 26.4%, AIME 24 91.0%, GPQA 79.1%, SWE-bench Verified 64.2%, and Terminal-Bench 37.5%.
  • Architecture: GLM-4.5 has 89 MoE layers, 160 experts with 8 active per token, and 96 attention heads with a 5120 hidden dimension. More heads did not lower training loss but did lift reasoning benchmarks such as MMLU and BBH.
  • Data recipe:
    • 15T-token general corpus, followed by a 7T code- and reasoning-focused corpus.
    • Mid-training with about 500B tokens of repo-level code, 500B of synthetic reasoning data, and 100B of long-context and agent data.
    • Web deduplication via SemDedup, with multilingual text drawn partly from Fineweb-2.
  • In a blind human evaluation on 100 hard translation cases (0–3 scale), GLM-4.5 scored 1.71, against 0.65 or less for Qwen-MT-plus, Qwen-MT-turbo, and Seed-X.
  • Weights are released at huggingface.co/zai-org/GLM-4.5, along with the glm-simple-evals toolkit for reproducing the benchmark results.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Natural language processing

Topics Language models & pretraining Reasoning

Cite

Cite as Aohan Zeng, Xin Lv, Qinkai Zheng, Zhenyu Hou, Bin Chen, Chengxing Xie, Cunxiang Wang, Da Yin, Hao Zeng, Jiajie Zhang, Kedong Wang, Lucen Zhong, Mingdao Liu, Rui Lu, Shulin Cao, Xiaohan Zhang, Xuancheng Huang, Yao Wei, Yean Cheng, Yifan An, Yilin Niu, Yuanhao Wen, Yushi Bai, Zhengxiao Du, Zihan Wang, Zilin Zhu, Bohan Zhang, Bosi Wen, Bowen Wu, Bowen Xu, Can Huang, Casey Zhao, Changpeng Cai, Chao Yu, Chen Li, Chendi Ge, Chenghua Huang, Chenhui Zhang, Chenxi Xu, Chenzheng Zhu, Chuang Li, Congfeng Yin, Daoyan Lin, Dayong Yang, Dazhi Jiang, Ding Ai, Erle Zhu, Fei Wang, Gengzheng Pan, Guo Wang, Hailong Sun, Haitao Li, Haiyang Li, Haiyi Hu, Hanyu Zhang, Hao Peng, Hao Tai, Haoke Zhang, Haoran Wang, Haoyu Yang, He Liu, He Zhao, Hongwei Liu, Hongxi Yan, Huan Liu, Huilong Chen, Ji Li, Jiajing Zhao, Jiamin Ren, Jian Jiao, Jiani Zhao, Jianyang Yan, Jiaqi Wang, Jiayi Gui, Jiayue Zhao, Jie Liu, Jijie Li, Jing Li, Jing Lu, Jingsen Wang, Jingwei Yuan, Jingxuan Li, Jingzhao Du, Jinhua Du, Jinxin Liu, Junkai Zhi, Junli Gao, Ke Wang, Lekang Yang, Liang Xu, Lin Fan, Lindong Wu, Lintao Ding, Lu Wang, Man Zhang, Minghao Li, Minghuan Xu, Mingming Zhao, Mingshu Zhai, Pengfan Du, Qian Dong, Shangde Lei, Shangqing Tu, Shangtong Yang, Shaoyou Lu, Shijie Li, Shuang Li, Shuang-Li, Shuxun Yang, Sibo Yi, Tianshu Yu, Wei Tian, Weihan Wang, Wenbo Yu, Weng Lam Tam, Wenjie Liang, Wentao Liu, Xiao Wang, Xiaohan Jia, Xiaotao Gu, Xiaoying Ling, Xin Wang, Xing Fan, Xingru Pan, Xinyuan Zhang, Xinze Zhang, Xiuqing Fu, Xunkai Zhang, Yabo Xu, Yandong Wu, Yida Lu, Yidong Wang, Yilin Zhou, Yiming Pan, Ying Zhang, Yingli Wang, Yingru Li, Yinpei Su, Yipeng Geng, Yitong Zhu, Yongkun Yang, Yuhang Li, Yuhao Wu, Yujiang Li, Yunan Liu, Yunqing Wang, Yuntao Li, Yuxuan Zhang, Zezhen Liu, Zhen Yang, Zhengda Zhou, Zhongpei Qiao, Zhuoer Feng, Zhuorui Liu, Zichen Zhang, Zihan Wang, Zijun Yao, Zikang Wang, Ziqiang Liu, Ziwei Chai, Zixuan Li, Zuodong Zhao, Wenguang Chen, Jidong Zhai, Bin Xu, Minlie Huang, Hongning Wang, Juanzi Li, Yuxiao Dong and Jie Tang. 2025. GLM-4.5: Agentic, Reasoning, and Coding (ARC) Foundation Models. arXiv:2508.06471.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2508.06471 · arXiv 2508.06471

@misc{zeng2025glm,
  title = {{GLM-4.5: Agentic, Reasoning, and Coding (ARC) Foundation Models}},
  author = {Aohan Zeng, Xin Lv, Qinkai Zheng, Zhenyu Hou, Bin Chen, Chengxing Xie, Cunxiang Wang, Da Yin, Hao Zeng, Jiajie Zhang, Kedong Wang, Lucen Zhong, Mingdao Liu, Rui Lu, Shulin Cao, Xiaohan Zhang, Xuancheng Huang, Yao Wei, Yean Cheng, Yifan An, Yilin Niu, Yuanhao Wen, Yushi Bai, Zhengxiao Du, Zihan Wang, Zilin Zhu, Bohan Zhang, Bosi Wen, Bowen Wu, Bowen Xu, Can Huang, Casey Zhao, Changpeng Cai, Chao Yu, Chen Li, Chendi Ge, Chenghua Huang, Chenhui Zhang, Chenxi Xu, Chenzheng Zhu, Chuang Li, Congfeng Yin, Daoyan Lin, Dayong Yang, Dazhi Jiang, Ding Ai, Erle Zhu, Fei Wang, Gengzheng Pan, Guo Wang, Hailong Sun, Haitao Li, Haiyang Li, Haiyi Hu, Hanyu Zhang, Hao Peng, Hao Tai, Haoke Zhang, Haoran Wang, Haoyu Yang, He Liu, He Zhao, Hongwei Liu, Hongxi Yan, Huan Liu, Huilong Chen, Ji Li, Jiajing Zhao, Jiamin Ren, Jian Jiao, Jiani Zhao, Jianyang Yan, Jiaqi Wang, Jiayi Gui, Jiayue Zhao, Jie Liu, Jijie Li, Jing Li, Jing Lu, Jingsen Wang, Jingwei Yuan, Jingxuan Li, Jingzhao Du, Jinhua Du, Jinxin Liu, Junkai Zhi, Junli Gao, Ke Wang, Lekang Yang, Liang Xu, Lin Fan, Lindong Wu, Lintao Ding, Lu Wang, Man Zhang, Minghao Li, Minghuan Xu, Mingming Zhao, Mingshu Zhai, Pengfan Du, Qian Dong, Shangde Lei, Shangqing Tu, Shangtong Yang, Shaoyou Lu, Shijie Li, Shuang Li, Shuang-Li, Shuxun Yang, Sibo Yi, Tianshu Yu, Wei Tian, Weihan Wang, Wenbo Yu, Weng Lam Tam, Wenjie Liang, Wentao Liu, Xiao Wang, Xiaohan Jia, Xiaotao Gu, Xiaoying Ling, Xin Wang, Xing Fan, Xingru Pan, Xinyuan Zhang, Xinze Zhang, Xiuqing Fu, Xunkai Zhang, Yabo Xu, Yandong Wu, Yida Lu, Yidong Wang, Yilin Zhou, Yiming Pan, Ying Zhang, Yingli Wang, Yingru Li, Yinpei Su, Yipeng Geng, Yitong Zhu, Yongkun Yang, Yuhang Li, Yuhao Wu, Yujiang Li, Yunan Liu, Yunqing Wang, Yuntao Li, Yuxuan Zhang, Zezhen Liu, Zhen Yang, Zhengda Zhou, Zhongpei Qiao, Zhuoer Feng, Zhuorui Liu, Zichen Zhang, Zihan Wang, Zijun Yao, Zikang Wang, Ziqiang Liu, Ziwei Chai, Zixuan Li, Zuodong Zhao, Wenguang Chen, Jidong Zhai, Bin Xu, Minlie Huang, Hongning Wang, Juanzi Li, Yuxiao Dong and Jie Tang},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2508.06471},
  eprint = {2508.06471},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.06471}
}

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