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home / papers / 2022 / What does it take to bake a cake? The RecipeRef corpus and anaphora resolution in procedural text

What does it take to bake a cake? The RecipeRef corpus and anaphora resolution in procedural text

Summary

Most anaphora research uses declarative genres such as news or dialogue. Procedural text, where readers must track which entity each step acts on and how it changes, has received little attention. The authors address this for cooking recipes. They first compare the textual properties of recipes and chemical patents. They then adapt an anaphora annotation scheme originally designed for chemical patents so that it covers recipe instructions sampled from RecipeDB. The resulting RecipeRef corpus marks both coreference and bridging links between ingredient-related mentions, using four relation types that separate links with and without a change of state. Two annotators familiar with the domain reached high agreement. For modelling, an end-to-end span-based system is trained jointly on coreference and bridging. A transfer setting pretrains this model on the chemical ChEMU-ref corpus before fine-tuning on recipes. Joint training helps, and the chemical pretraining adds consistent further gains. This suggests that procedural knowledge carries over between domains. The work matters because it supplies a public resource and a baseline for entity tracking in instructional text.

Key points

  • RecipeRef draws on the instruction sections of RecipeDB (118,171 English recipes). Only ingredient terms and referring expressions that take part in anaphoric links are annotated, so singletons are excluded. Premodified phrases such as "chopped chicken" and bare numbers that refer to ingredients count as mentions.
  • The relation types are COREFERENCE, TRANSFORMED, INGREDIENT(WITH-STATE-CHANGE)-ASSOCIATED and INGREDIENT(WITHOUT-STATE-CHANGE)-ASSOCIATED. They are modelled in two task variants, one that considers state change and one that ignores it.
  • The transfer setup pretrains on ChEMU-ref (1,500 chemical patent excerpts) and then fine-tunes on recipes. Under joint training this reaches 27.9% F1 for relation prediction, an absolute gain of 0.8 points. The component models improve by 0.5 F1 (surface coreference) and 0.7 F1 (bridging).
  • In error analysis, the model often labels mixture-denoting mentions as plain COREFERENCE and misses state changes. It also over-predicts the dominant with-state-change bridging class, while coreference is rare in the data.
  • The dataset and code are public (GitHub: biaoyanf/RecipeRef; Mendeley Data DOI 10.17632/rcyskfvdv7.1).

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Linguistics & languages

Topics: Coreference resolution

Cited by

21 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 4 of them have a page here, 17 not yet.

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.275

@inproceedings{fang2022what,
  title = {{What does it take to bake a cake? The RecipeRef corpus and anaphora resolution in procedural text}},
  author = {Fang, Biaoyan and Baldwin, Timothy and Verspoor, Karin},
  booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.275},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.275}
}

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