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SpanBERT: Improving Pre-training by Representing and Predicting Spans

Summary

Masked language models like BERT hide individual subword tokens. Yet many NLP tasks, such as extractive question answering and coreference resolution, depend on how whole multi-token spans relate to each other. SpanBERT changes BERT's pre-training in two ways to fit this better. First, it masks contiguous random spans, with lengths sampled from a geometric distribution, rather than scattered tokens. Second, it adds a span-boundary objective (SBO): the model must rebuild each hidden token from the encoder outputs of the two tokens just outside the span, plus a relative position embedding. The authors also built a carefully tuned BERT replica. They found that training on one long segment without next sentence prediction (NSP) helps most tasks, so SpanBERT is trained that way, using the same corpus and parameter count as BERT-large. SpanBERT beats every BERT baseline. The largest gains are on span selection tasks, including a new state of the art on OntoNotes coreference, and it also improves TACRED and GLUE. The broader point is that better pre-training objectives can matter as much as adding data or parameters.

Key points

  • Method: contiguous span masking plus SBO, trained together with the usual MLM loss. NSP is dropped in favour of single-segment training.
  • SQuAD: a single model reaches 94.6 F1 on SQuAD 1.1 and 88.7 F1 on SQuAD 2.0. That cuts error by up to 27% compared with the tuned BERT replica. Similar gains appear on the MRQA versions of NewsQA, TriviaQA, SearchQA, HotpotQA and Natural Questions.
  • Coreference: 79.6% F1 on CoNLL-2012 (OntoNotes), 6.6 points above the previous best model.
  • Masking choice: random geometric span masking does as well as, or better than, masking linguistically chosen units such as named entities or phrases.
  • Release: code and pre-trained models are available at github.com/facebookresearch/SpanBERT.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Linguistics & languages

Topics: Coreference resolution

Cited by

771 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 103 of them have a page here, the first 100 below, 668 not yet.

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.48550/arxiv.1907.10529 · arXiv 1907.10529

@misc{joshi2019spanbert,
  title = {{SpanBERT: Improving Pre-training by Representing and Predicting Spans}},
  author = {Joshi, Mandar and Chen, Danqi and Liu, Yinhan and Weld, Daniel S. and Zettlemoyer, Luke and Levy, Omer},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.1907.10529},
  eprint = {1907.10529},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1907.10529}
}

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