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Improving Coreference Resolution by Learning Entity-Level Distributed Representations

Summary

Coreference resolution means grouping the mentions in a text that refer to the same entity, so it is really a clustering task. Even so, many strong systems only score pairs of mentions and ignore information about whole entities. Clark and Manning built a neural system that learns dense vectors for pairs of coreference clusters. First, a feedforward network with three ReLU layers encodes each mention pair from word embeddings and a small set of hand-built features. A cluster-pair vector is then made by combining max-pooling and average-pooling over every mention pair that links the two clusters. The authors first train a mention-ranking model. It supplies the starting weights for the cluster ranker and removes unlikely merges in advance. The cluster ranker then merges clusters one at a time, handling the easiest decisions first. It is trained with a SEARN-style learning-to-search algorithm, so it learns how each merge affects the final partition. On the English and Chinese parts of the CoNLL 2012 Shared Task, the system clearly beats earlier state-of-the-art results. Because it needs little feature engineering, it is easy to adapt to other languages.

Key points

  • CoNLL F1 on the test sets: 65.29 for English, up from 64.21 for Wiseman et al. (2016), and 63.66 for Chinese, up from 60.06 for Björkelund & Kuhn (2014). The authors' own NN Mention Ranker scores 64.76 and 63.09.
  • Setup: 50-dimensional word2vec embeddings trained on Gigaword for English and 64-dimensional Polyglot embeddings for Chinese. Hidden layers have 1000 and 500 units. Training uses RMSProp, L2 regularization and dropout of 0.5.
  • In ablations, training only on gold (always-correct) decision sequences, without learning to search, clearly lowers scores, because the model never learns to recover from its own mistakes. Using the easy-first order also improves the cluster ranker.
  • Embeddings help with semantic links. For nominal pairs whose head words differ (e.g. "the nation" and "the country"), F1 rises to 18.9 from 10.7 for the authors' earlier statistical system.
  • Code and trained models are released as deep-coref on GitHub (clarkkev/deep-coref).

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Linguistics & languages

Topics: Coreference resolution

Cited by

119 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 45 of them have a page here, 74 not yet.

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.18653/v1/p16-1061 · arXiv 1606.01323

@inproceedings{clark2016improving,
  title = {{Improving Coreference Resolution by Learning Entity-Level Distributed Representations}},
  author = {Clark, Kevin and Manning, Christopher D.},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/p16-1061},
  eprint = {1606.01323},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1061}
}

References

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