Elamur Research
☰
home / papers / 2023 / Large Language Model as Attributed Training Data Generator: A Tale of Diversity and Bias

Large Language Model as Attributed Training Data Generator: A Tale of Diversity and Bias

Written for the Research library (claude-opus-5-5) from the paper text, in our own words: the license "arXiv — non-exclusive license to distribute" does not allow redistributing the text itself. Original — arxiv.org/pdf/2306.15895

Summary

The paper asks how the prompts used to have an LLM synthesize classification training data affect the diversity and bias of that data. Prior work mostly used plain class-conditional queries (called SimPrompt). The authors show that these yield skewed and repetitive data. They propose AttrPrompt: the LLM first helps identify attribute dimensions such as subtopic, length, style and location, along with their possible values, in a semi-automated loop with limited human input. Random combinations of these values then fill the generation prompts. Using ChatGPT (gpt-3.5-turbo), they test on four topic-classification datasets with many classes and strong class imbalance. Models trained on AttrPrompt data beat SimPrompt models, both on synthetic data alone and when it is mixed with real training data. AttrPrompt also matches SimPrompt while spending only about 5% of the API budget. It works as an add-on to existing generation pipelines and extends to multi-label classification. The work matters because it shows that attribute diversity, not just data volume, drives the usefulness of synthetic data.

Key points

  • Benchmarks: NYT (26 classes), Amazon (23), Reddit (45) and StackExchange (50), with imbalance ratios between 155.6 and 1283.7.
  • Regional bias: An attribute classifier found that SimPrompt news about NYT topics was 68.01% located in North America and only 0.69% in Africa. Prompts with fixed attributes also underperformed prompts with randomly sampled ones.
  • Plug-in use: AttrPrompt improved SuperGen, SunGen, ProGen and ReGen. For ReGen on fine-grained tasks, the absolute gains reached 14–26 points.
  • Multi-label extension: On the arXiv dataset with 98 classes, Micro-F1 rose from 26.75 (SimPrompt) to 37.88 (AttrPrompt), against 58.22 for gold data. Generation cost per 1k samples was nearly the same.
  • Release and limitations: The generated datasets and prompts are released at github.com/yueyu1030/AttrPrompt. Limitations include the focus on text classification only, reliance on label names, some manual effort in defining attributes, and the risk of hallucinated content.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Other

Cited by

115 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 3 of them have a page here, 112 not yet.

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2306.15895 · arXiv 2306.15895

@misc{yu2023large,
  title = {{Large Language Model as Attributed Training Data Generator: A Tale of Diversity and Bias}},
  author = {Yu, Yue and Zhuang, Yuchen and Zhang, Jieyu and Meng, Yu and Ratner, Alexander and Krishna, Ranjay and Shen, Jiaming and Zhang, Chao},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2306.15895},
  eprint = {2306.15895},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.15895}
}

References

65 references, 18 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

  1. Neel Alex, Eli Lifland, Lewis Tunstall, Abhishek Thakur, Pegah Maham, C. Jess Riedel, Emmie Hine, Carolyn Ashurst, Paul Sedille, Alexis Carlier, Michael Noetel, and Andreas Stuhlmüller. RAFT: A real-world few-shot text classification benchmark. In Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Proces… find
  2. Yejin Bang, Samuel Cahyawijaya, Nayeon Lee, Wenliang Dai, Dan Su, Bryan Wilie, Holy Lovenia, Ziwei Ji, Tiezheng Yu, et al. A multitask, multilingual, multimodal evaluation of chatgpt on reasoning, hallucination, and interactivity. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.04023, 2023. find our card
  3. John Blitzer, Mark Dredze, and Fernando Pereira. Biographies, bollywood, boom-boxes and blenders: Domain adaptation for sentiment classification. In Proceedings of the 45th annual meeting of the association of computational linguistics, 2007. find
  4. Vadim Borisov, Kathrin Sessler, Tobias Leemann, Martin Pawelczyk, and Gjergji Kasneci. Language models are realistic tabular data generators. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, 2023. find
  5. Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al. Language models are few-shot learners. Advances in neural information processing systems, 33, 2020. find
  6. Yong Cao, Li Zhou, Seolhwa Lee, Laura Cabello, Min Chen, and Daniel Hershcovich. Assessing cross-cultural alignment between ChatGPT and human societies: An empirical study. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Cross-Cultural Considerations in NLP (C3NLP), 2023. find our card
  7. Derek Chen, Celine Lee, Yun-Yun Lu, Domenic Rosati, and Zhou Yu. Mixture of soft prompts for controllable data generation. ArXiv, abs/2303.01580, 2023. find
  8. Yew Ken Chia, Lidong Bing, Soujanya Poria, and Luo Si. Relationprompt: Leveraging prompts to generate synthetic data for zero-shot relation triplet extraction. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022, 2022. find
  9. Colin B Clement, Matthew Bierbaum, Kevin P O’Keeffe, and Alexander A Alemi. On the use of arxiv as a dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.00075, 2019. — [arXiv:1905.00075](https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.00075) find
  10. Alexis Conneau, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman Goyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wenzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle Ott, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. Unsupervised cross-lingual representation learning at scale. In Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (A… find
  11. Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volum… find
  12. Samir Yitzhak Gadre, Gabriel Ilharco, Alex Fang, Jonathan Hayase, Georgios Smyrnis, Thao Nguyen, Ryan Marten, Mitchell Wortsman, Dhruba Ghosh, Jieyu Zhang, et al. Datacomp: In search of the next generation of multimodal datasets. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.14108, 2023. find
  13. Jiahui Gao, Renjie Pi, Lin Yong, Hang Xu, Jiacheng Ye, Zhiyong Wu, Weizhong Zhang, Xiaodan Liang, Zhenguo Li, and Lingpeng Kong. Self-guided noise-free data generation for efficient zero-shot learning. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2023. find
  14. Tianyu Gao, Xingcheng Yao, and Danqi Chen. Simcse: Simple contrastive learning of sentence embeddings. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2021. find our card
  15. Gregor Geigle, Nils Reimers, Andreas Rücklé, and Iryna Gurevych. Tweac: transformer with extendable qa agent classifiers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.07081, 2021. — [arXiv:2104.07081](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.07081) find
  16. Chuan Guo, Ali Mousavi, Xiang Wu, Daniel N Holtmann-Rice, Satyen Kale, Sashank Reddi, and Sanjiv Kumar. Breaking the glass ceiling for embedding-based classifiers for large output spaces. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 32, 2019. find
  17. Tatsunori B. Hashimoto, Hugh Zhang, and Percy Liang. Unifying human and statistical evaluation for natural language generation. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short… find
  18. Pengcheng He, Jianfeng Gao, and Weizhu Chen. DeBERTav3: Improving deBERTa using ELECTRA-style pre-training with gradient-disentangled embedding sharing. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, 2023. find our card
  19. Xiaoqi Jiao, Yichun Yin, Lifeng Shang, Xin Jiang, Xiao Chen, Linlin Li, Fang Wang, and Qun Liu. Tinybert: Distilling bert for natural language understanding. In Findings of EMNLP, 2020. find
  20. Tushar Khot, Harsh Trivedi, Matthew Finlayson, Yao Fu, Kyle Richardson, Peter Clark, and Ashish Sabharwal. Decomposed prompting: A modular approach for solving complex tasks. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, 2023. find
  21. Hannah Rose Kirk, Yennie Jun, Haider Iqbal, Elias Benussi, Filippo Volpin, Frédéric A. Dreyer, Aleksandar Shtedritski, and Yuki M. Asano. Bias out-of-the-box: An empirical analysis of intersectional occupational biases in popular generative language models. In Neural Information Processing Systems,… find
  22. Ananya Kumar, Aditi Raghunathan, Robbie Matthew Jones, Tengyu Ma, and Percy Liang. Fine-tuning can distort pretrained features and underperform out-of-distribution. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2022. find
  23. Yizhi Li, Ge Zhang, Bohao Yang, Chenghua Lin, Anton Ragni, Shi Wang, and Jie Fu. HERB: Measuring hierarchical regional bias in pre-trained language models. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: AACL-IJCNLP 2022, 2022. find
  24. Percy Liang, Rishi Bommasani, Tony Lee, Dimitris Tsipras, Dilara Soylu, Michihiro Yasunaga, Yian Zhang, Deepak Narayanan, Yuhuai Wu, Ananya Kumar, et al. Holistic evaluation of language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.09110, 2022. find
  25. Chen Ling, Xujiang Zhao, Jiaying Lu, Chengyuan Deng, Can Zheng, Junxiang Wang, Tanmoy Chowdhury, Yun Li, Hejie Cui, Tianjiao Zhao, et al. Beyond one-model-fits-all: A survey of domain specialization for large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.18703, 2023. — [arXiv:2305.18703](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18703) find
  26. Alisa Liu, Swabha Swayamdipta, Noah A. Smith, and Yejin Choi. WANLI: Worker and AI collaboration for natural language inference dataset creation. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022, 2022. find our card
  27. Lajanugen Logeswaran, Honglak Lee, and Samy Bengio. Content preserving text generation with attribute controls. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 31, 2018. find
  28. Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter. Decoupled weight decay regularization. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2019. find
  29. Andrew Maas, Raymond E Daly, Peter T Pham, Dan Huang, Andrew Y Ng, and Christopher Potts. Learning word vectors for sentiment analysis. In Proceedings of the 49th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies, 2011. find our card
  30. Yu Meng, Jiaxin Huang, Yu Zhang, and Jiawei Han. Generating training data with language models: Towards zero-shot language understanding. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2022. find our card
  31. Yu Meng, Jiaming Shen, Chao Zhang, and Jiawei Han. Weakly-supervised hierarchical text classification. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, 2019. find
  32. Swaroop Mishra, Anjana Arunkumar, Bhavdeep Sachdeva, Chris Bryan, and Chitta Baral. Dqi: Measuring data quality in nlp. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.00816, 2020. — [arXiv:2005.00816](https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.00816) find
  33. Swaroop Mishra, Daniel Khashabi, Chitta Baral, Yejin Choi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. Reframing instructional prompts to GPTk’s language. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022, 2022. find our card
  34. Swaroop Mishra and Elnaz Nouri. HELP ME THINK: A simple prompting strategy for non-experts to create customized content with models. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, 2023. find
  35. Rafael Müller, Simon Kornblith, and Geoffrey E Hinton. When does label smoothing help? Advances in neural information processing systems, 32, 2019. find
  36. OpenAI. Gpt-4 technical report. arXiv, 2023. find our card
  37. OpenAI. Introducing chatgpt, 2023. find
  38. Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, et al. Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35, 2022. find
  39. Baolin Peng, Michel Galley, Pengcheng He, Hao Cheng, Yujia Xie, Yu Hu, Qiuyuan Huang, Lars Liden, Zhou Yu, et al. Check your facts and try again: Improving large language models with external knowledge and automated feedback. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.12813, 2023. find our card
  40. Baolin Peng, Chunyuan Li, Pengcheng He, Michel Galley, and Jianfeng Gao. Instruction tuning with gpt-4. ArXiv, abs/2304.03277, 2023. find our card
  41. Ethan Perez, Douwe Kiela, and Kyunghyun Cho. True few-shot learning with language models. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2021. find our card
  42. Nils Reimers and Iryna Gurevych. Sentence-bert: Sentence embeddings using siamese bert-networks. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP), 2019. find
  43. Laria Reynolds and Kyle McDonell. Prompt programming for large language models: Beyond the few-shot paradigm. In Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2021. find our card
  44. Giuseppe Russo, Nora Hollenstein, Claudiu Musat, and Ce Zhang. Control, generate, augment: A scalable framework for multi-attribute text generation. Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020, 2020. find
  45. Victor Sanh, Lysandre Debut, Julien Chaumond, and Thomas Wolf. Distilbert, a distilled version of bert: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01108, 2019. find
  46. Timo Schick and Hinrich Schütze. Generating datasets with pretrained language models. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2021. find our card
  47. Zhihong Shao, Yeyun Gong, Yelong Shen, Minlie Huang, Nan Duan, and Weizhu Chen. Synthetic prompting: Generating chain-of-thought demonstrations for large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.00618, 2023. — [arXiv:2302.00618](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.00618) find
  48. Jiaming Shen, Wenda Qiu, Yu Meng, Jingbo Shang, Xiang Ren, and Jiawei Han. Taxoclass: Hierarchical multi-label text classification using only class names. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies… find
  49. Richard Socher, Alex Perelygin, Jean Wu, Jason Chuang, Christopher D Manning, Andrew Y Ng, and Christopher Potts. Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, 2013. find
  50. Zhiqing Sun, Yikang Shen, Qinhong Zhou, Hongxin Zhang, Zhenfang Chen, David Cox, Yiming Yang, and Chuang Gan. Principle-driven self-alignment of language models from scratch with minimal human supervision. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.03047, 2023. find our card
  51. Guy Tevet and Jonathan Berant. Evaluating the evaluation of diversity in natural language generation. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Main Volume, 2021. find
  52. Yisen Wang, Xingjun Ma, Zaiyi Chen, Yuan Luo, Jinfeng Yi, and James Bailey. Symmetric cross entropy for robust learning with noisy labels. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, 2019. find
  53. Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Alisa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. Self-instruct: Aligning language model with self generated instructions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.10560, 2022. find
  54. Sarah Wiegreffe, Jack Hessel, Swabha Swayamdipta, Mark Riedl, and Yejin Choi. Reframing human-ai collaboration for generating free-text explanations. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, 202… find
  55. Jiacheng Ye, Jiahui Gao, Qintong Li, Hang Xu, Jiangtao Feng, Zhiyong Wu, Tao Yu, and Lingpeng Kong. ZeroGen: Efficient zero-shot learning via dataset generation. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2022. find our card
  56. Jiacheng Ye, Jiahui Gao, Zhiyong Wu, Jiangtao Feng, Tao Yu, and Lingpeng Kong. ProGen: Progressive zero-shot dataset generation via in-context feedback. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022, 2022. find
  57. Dian Yu, Zhou Yu, and Kenji Sagae. Attribute alignment: Controlling text generation from pre-trained language models. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021, 2021. find
  58. Yue Yu, Chenyan Xiong, Si Sun, Chao Zhang, and Arnold Overwijk. COCO-DR: Combating distribution shifts in zero-shot dense retrieval with contrastive and distributionally robust learning. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2022. find
  59. Yue Yu, Yuchen Zhuang, Rongzhi Zhang, Yu Meng, Jiaming Shen, and Chao Zhang. Regen: Zero-shot text classification via training data generation with progressive dense retrieval. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, 2023. find
  60. Jieyu Zhang, Bohan Wang, Zhengyu Hu, Pang Wei Koh, and Alexander Ratner. On the trade-off of intra-/inter-class diversity for supervised pre-training. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.12224, 2023. — [arXiv:2305.12224](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.12224) find
  61. Rongzhi Zhang, Yue Yu, Pranav Shetty, Le Song, and Chao Zhang. Prboost: Prompt-based rule discovery and boosting for interactive weakly-supervised learning. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 2022. find
  62. Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Shuohui Chen, Christopher Dewan, Mona Diab, Xian Li, Xi Victoria Lin, et al. Opt: Open pre-trained transformer language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.01068, 2022. find
  63. Xiang Zhang, Junbo Zhao, and Yann LeCun. Character-level convolutional networks for text classification. Advances in neural information processing systems, 28, 2015. find our card
  64. Yongchao Zhou, Andrei Ioan Muresanu, Ziwen Han, Keiran Paster, Silviu Pitis, Harris Chan, and Jimmy Ba. Large language models are human-level prompt engineers. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, 2023. find our card
  65. Terry Yue Zhuo, Yujin Huang, Chunyang Chen, and Zhenchang Xing. Exploring ai ethics of chatgpt: A diagnostic analysis. ArXiv, abs/2301.12867, 2023. find