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Antony of Tagrit and the Progymnasmata: Towards a Syriac Rhetorical Theory in the Abbasid Era

Summary

The paper examines how the earliest known Syriac handbook on rhetoric, Antony of Tagrit's On Rhetoric (ninth century, Iraq), relates to the Greek progymnasmata, the graded preliminary composition exercises of Greco-Roman schooling. Antony never names a progymnastic author or text, and his treatise has its own Syriac foundations. Nicosia nonetheless argues that his rhetorical theory has many links to that exercise tradition. She also places Antony in the Abbasid world and asks what the "Abbasid factor" meant for a Syriac teacher working outside the caliphal court. Antony was teaching a subject tied to Greco-Roman culture, and he openly insisted on the independence of Syriac intellectuals from the Arabs. To set the scene, the paper surveys Syriac rhetoric and education before the Abbasids, including Greek schooling, Syriac translations of Greek orations, and rhetorical genres in early Syriac works. (The extract provided covers mainly this framing and background, not the detailed textual comparison.) The study matters because it shows Greek rhetorical teaching living on, unacknowledged, inside a self-consciously Syriac tradition.

Key points

  • On Rhetoric is described as the first Syriac rhetoric handbook. Whether earlier ones existed and were lost cannot be determined.
  • Almost nothing is known about Antony's life:
    • Barhebraeus (1225/6–1286) records an oral report placing Antony in the same period as Patriarch Dionysius of Tellmahre.
    • Barhebraeus found it odd that Dionysius never mentions him.
  • The Syriac translation of Aristotle's Organon followed a pattern:
    • The introductory treatises (Eisagogē, Categories, De Interpretatione, Prior Analytics) were translated early.
    • The rest seems to have been finished only in Abbasid times, possibly because Greek competence declined after links to Byzantium were cut.
  • Early Syriac texts show rhetorical models:
    • The Letter of Mara bar Serapion is read as a chreia in Theon's manner.
    • Balai's Sermons on Joseph are read as the first Syriac work built on Greek rhetorical canons.
    • Other works illustrate forensic (Narsai), deliberative (Book of Steps) and epideictic (George, bishop of the Arabs) rhetoric.
  • The research was funded by the British Academy (project NIF22\220071).

Interesting ideas

  • I1. The paper detects influence through structural correspondence to a known exercise system, even when the source is never cited; borrowing can be proven by shape, not attribution. — For Mova (tree): when converting between UD dialects or treebanks with undocumented conventions, we could infer the mapping by aligning recurring construction patterns rather than relying on stated guidelines.
  • I2. It sorts discourses by rhetorical purpose: forensic (accuse or defend), deliberative (advise) and epideictic (praise or blame). This gives a small, interpretable label set for whole texts. — For Mova (frames): add a discourse-level purpose layer above individual speech acts in prag, derived explainably from the speech acts already detected in the text.
  • I3. Translation effort went to the texts beginners studied, while advanced students read the originals; effort was allocated by learner competence. — For Mova (learn): spend LLM-teacher and silver-annotation budget on the phenomena where our parsers are weakest, and let strong areas train on raw data.
  • I4. Barhebraeus weighs an oral report against the silence of a witness who should have known (Dionysius). An absent confirmation is itself treated as evidence. — For Mova (learn): when several witness parsers agree on silver data, treat a normally reliable parser's abstention or disagreement as a signal that lowers confidence, not as missing data.
  • I5. Progymnasmata such as the chreia work as templates whole texts can be built on, as with the Letter of Mara bar Serapion. — For Mova (back): use classical exercise templates (expanding a saying, praise or blame of a figure) as structured plans when generating text from the meaning graph.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Linguistics & languages

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.4000/12v6a

@inproceedings{nicosia2024antony,
  title = {{Antony of Tagrit and the Progymnasmata: Towards a Syriac Rhetorical Theory in the Abbasid Era}},
  author = {Nicosia, Mara},
  booktitle = {Histoire Épistémologie Langage 46},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.4000/12v6a},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4000/12v6a}
}

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