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Benchmarking Query-Conditioned Natural Language Inference

Paper · 2025 · Marc E. Canby, Xinchi Chen, Xing Niu et al.

Summary

Classic NLI asks whether an entire premise supports an entire hypothesis. That is too blunt for long documents, which often agree on some points and clash on others. The authors propose Query-Conditioned NLI (QC-NLI), where the relation between two documents is judged only with respect to a question that selects the relevant aspect. They show that fact verification, intrinsic hallucination detection, and spotting mutually inconsistent documents (for example, retrieved RAG inputs) all fit this framing. To build a benchmark, they used GPT-4o to recast existing datasets (SNLI, RobustQA, RagTruth, FactScore) into query/premise/hypothesis/label items, then manually checked a sample to estimate label quality. They compare zero-shot prompting, few-shot prompting, and a cascaded QA+NLI pipeline across several LLMs. Few-shot prompting is generally best. Removing the query from the prompt clearly lowers accuracy. No system reaches 83% balanced accuracy, so the benchmark is far from solved. The work offers one aspect-focused way to test consistency between texts, which is central to catching LLM hallucinations.

Key points

  • Motivating example: "Jack is working in the park" versus "Jack is sleeping in the park" counts as a contradiction overall, but as entailment under the query "Where is Jack?".
  • The four source datasets were converted by GPT-4o. Label sets are {entailment, not_entailment} or, for inconsistent document detection, {contradiction, not_contradiction}. Manual checks put label quality at roughly 75–94% depending on the dataset. The data is English-only and has no evidence-span annotations.
  • The top score is 82.63% balanced accuracy (Gemini 1.5 Pro on FactScore), close to that dataset's estimated ceiling of 84.31%. Most models land around 60–70%.
  • RobustQA shows the largest gap: the best method gets 68.11% against a ceiling of 93.94%.
  • QA+NLI (answer the query on each document, then compare only the answers) works reasonably on SNLI and RobustQA, which have literal or yes/no questions. It lags on RagTruth, whose open-ended queries require checking many hypothesis sentences.

Interesting ideas

  • I1. Judge consistency relative to a question instead of globally, so two texts can agree on one aspect and disagree on another without one blanket label.
  • I2. Rerun the system with the query deleted; a clear accuracy drop shows the model actually uses the condition rather than shortcuts.
  • I3. Measure the quality of automatically converted data by hand and report model scores against that ceiling, not against 100%.
  • I4. A cascade of short answers followed by comparison suffices for yes/no or literal questions, but open-ended questions need the full documents.

For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

  • I1 (world): When comparing two text worlds, restrict the check to the entities and states the question touches (e.g., Jack's location). This gives an explainable, slot-level agreement verdict instead of one global contradiction flag.
  • I2 (learn): Add a "question stripped" negative control to reader evaluations. If scores barely change, the reader is guessing from the passage alone.
  • I3 (learn): Hand-check a sample of silver data from witness parsers or LLM teachers to estimate its ceiling. This shows how much headroom a model really has before label noise dominates.
  • I4 (answer): Route questions by type. Compare extracted answers for yes/no and factoid queries, and compare whole world states for open-ended ones.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

 Institutions

🎓University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana · United States184 works · 69,372 citations🏢AmazonSeattle · United States112 works · 40,565 citations

 Fields, topics and concepts

📚 Shelves 5The field of science this work belongs to (OpenAlex fields).Computer Science · 16,667 worksArtificial Intelligence · 16,194 worksArts and Humanities · 16,039 worksLanguage and Linguistics · 15,891 worksComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition · 2,869 works

🧭 Topics 1Research subjects and languages the work is about.Reasoning · 1,426 works

Cite

Cite as Marc E. Canby, Xinchi Chen, Xing Niu, Jifan Chen, Bonan Min, Sergul Aydore and Vittorio Castelli. 2025. Benchmarking Query-Conditioned Natural Language Inference. Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.765

@inproceedings{canby2025benchmarking,
  title = {{Benchmarking Query-Conditioned Natural Language Inference}},
  author = {Marc E. Canby, Xinchi Chen, Xing Niu, Jifan Chen, Bonan Min, Sergul Aydore and Vittorio Castelli},
  booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.765},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.765}
}

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  25. Yue Zhang, Yafu Li, Leyang Cui, Deng Cai, Lemao Liu, Tingchen Fu, Xinting Huang, Enbo Zhao, Yu Zhang, Yulong Chen, Longyue Wang, Anh Tuan Luu, Wei Bi, Freda Shi, and Shuming Shi. 2023b. Siren’s Song in the AI Ocean: A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models. arXiv preprint. ArXiv:2309.01219 [cs]. *Figure 3: Lengths of examples in each dataset. Violin plots of the number of words in the combined premise and hypothesis documents for each dataset.* ↗

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