Canada

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The research institutions of Canada gathered here are those whose scientists contributed more than one of the papers held in this library. This is a directory of places, not a single organisation. Universities, independent research institutes, a government body, a hospital, a bank's research arm and a technology company appear side by side. Each is placed according to how much cited work its own researchers produced there. The list therefore shows where, on this site, Canadian research output is concentrated. It is not a census of Canadian science. Institutions with only one paper here, or none, do not appear. Readers who want to compare Canada with other countries, or see other kinds of organisation, can go to the wider directory of institutions.

The institutions lie in many parts of the country. They run from Vancouver and Burnaby on the Pacific coast, through Edmonton and Winnipeg on the prairies, to a dense band of cities in Ontario and Quebec, and on to Fredericton and Halifax in the Atlantic provinces. The weight of the list falls clearly on two metropolitan areas, Montreal and Toronto. Together they account for most of the institutions near the top and a large share of the entries further down.

How the list is ordered

The order reflects the cited work done by each institution's scientists while they worked there. It is not a simple tally of papers or of raw citation totals, and the two can diverge. Some institutions with a modest number of papers in our library sit high because those papers are heavily cited. Others with a broad set of papers sit lower than their totals alone would suggest. For example, the University of British Columbia has a large and well-cited body of work here, yet it appears below several institutions with smaller citation totals. Likewise, HEC Montréal has only a handful of papers in our library but a citation footprint larger than that of many institutions with more papers.

These differences arise because the ordering credits work to the scientists who did it at a given place. The list is best read as a guide to where cited research was carried out among the works here, not as a judgement of the institutions themselves.

Montreal

Montreal is the most strongly represented city. The institution at the head of the list is the Université de Montréal. Among the Canadian entries on this site, it has the largest citation total and one of the largest sets of works. Its position at the top shows that a large share of the most cited Canadian work in this library was done by scientists based there.

Next to it is Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, a research institute in the same city. As its name indicates, it is devoted to artificial intelligence. Its high place, despite fewer papers than the largest universities, points to a concentrated body of cited work. The presence of both the Université de Montréal and Mila near the top makes Montreal the clearest focus of Canadian research among the works here.

McGill University is another Montreal university with a substantial number of works in our library, and it sits in the upper part of the list. Further down are Polytechnique Montréal, an engineering-oriented university, and HEC Montréal, already noted for its unusually high citation total relative to its small number of works. Concordia University also appears, with a smaller and less cited presence.

Outside the city, Quebec is represented by the Université de Sherbrooke. It contributes a small number of papers to this library.

Toronto

Toronto is the second major centre. The University of Toronto is second in the list overall. Its set of works in our library is about as large as that of the Université de Montréal, and its citation total is among the highest of any Canadian institution here.

Several research institutes in Toronto also appear. The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research ranks high despite a relatively small number of works. Its citation total exceeds that of several large universities further down the list. The Vector Institute, also a research institute, has a moderate number of works with a solid citation total. The Royal Bank of Canada is listed here as a research institute rather than as a bank. It contributes a few papers, showing that research done in a financial company is part of the Canadian picture on this site.

The city's presence also extends into medicine. The Hospital for Sick Children is the only hospital among the Canadian institutions listed. Its few papers have a citation total that is high for so small a group. York University completes the Toronto entries with a modest but well-cited set of works.

Waterloo, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario

Beyond Toronto, Ontario has more institutions in this list than any other province. The University of Waterloo ranks high and has one of the larger sets of works among Canadian institutions on this site. In the same city is Google (Canada), the only entry described as a company. It contributes a small number of papers, and their citation total is sizeable for so few.

Ottawa, the national capital, hosts the National Research Council Canada. It is the only government body among the entries. Its set of works is among the largest of any Canadian institution here, and its citation total places it in the upper group. Government research is therefore a substantial part of the Canadian output in this library, not a marginal one. The University of Ottawa is also present, with a smaller group of papers.

Several other Ontario universities complete the provincial picture. They are McMaster University in Hamilton, Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario Tech University in Oshawa and Western University in London. Each contributes a small set of works. Among them, Ontario Tech University has a citation total that is notable for an institution with so few papers in our library.

Western Canada

On the Pacific coast, the University of British Columbia in Vancouver is the main western institution in the library. Its set of works is one of the largest of any Canadian entry, and its citation total is among the very highest of them. As discussed above, the ordering places it in the middle of the upper group rather than at the very top. Nearby in Burnaby, Simon Fraser University contributes a smaller but well-cited body of work.

On the prairies, the University of Alberta in Edmonton has a moderate number of works in our library. The University of Manitoba in Winnipeg has only a few papers. Those papers have a citation total far above what their number alone would suggest, comparable to institutions with several times as many works here.

Atlantic Canada

The Atlantic provinces are represented by a pair of universities. Dalhousie University in Halifax has a small set of works with a modest citation total. The University of New Brunswick in Fredericton contributes a few papers that, so far, have attracted little citation. These universities extend the list from coast to coast, but on this site the east of the country plays a smaller part than central Canada or the west.

Kinds of institutions

Most of the Canadian institutions in the library are universities. They range from very large ones with broad and heavily cited output, such as the Université de Montréal, the University of Toronto and the University of British Columbia, to smaller ones with only a few papers here. Universities appear in every region represented.

Alongside them are several independent research institutes, and these stand out for the share of cited work they hold relative to their size on this site. Mila, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and the Vector Institute all sit in the upper part of the list. Mila is in Montreal and the other two are in Toronto. Their presence suggests that, among the works here, a notable portion of Canada's most cited research is linked to dedicated institutes rather than to university departments alone. Mila's name identifies artificial intelligence as its subject. The fields of the other institutes are not stated in this directory, and their individual pages are the place to see what their papers cover.

The remaining entries widen the range of settings in which Canadian research on this site was done. The National Research Council Canada represents government science. The Hospital for Sick Children represents clinical and medical research. Google (Canada) and the research arm listed under the Royal Bank of Canada represent industry. This mix means the Canadian presence in the library is not confined to academia.

Geography and clustering

Taken together, the list shows research on this site concentrated along a corridor of cities in Quebec and Ontario. Montreal and Toronto hold most of the highly placed institutions and also several of the smaller ones. Waterloo and Ottawa each pair a significant non-university body with a university: Google (Canada) and the University of Waterloo in one, the National Research Council Canada and the University of Ottawa in the other. Western Canada is represented mainly by the Vancouver area and Edmonton, with Winnipeg as a smaller but well-cited presence. The Atlantic region is present but modest.

Co-location in the same city does not by itself show that these institutions worked together. The directory lists each institution on its own terms and does not show joint papers or partnerships between them. Readers interested in collaborations, the scientists behind the work, or the individual papers and their topics should follow the links to each institution's page. Those pages set out the people and works associated with each place on this site.

Reading the list

Because the list includes only institutions with more than one paper in this library, it reflects the library's holdings rather than Canadian research as a whole. As the collection grows, institutions may be added and the order may change. On this site, the picture is clear. Montreal and Toronto are the strongest concentrations of cited Canadian work. Large universities and a small number of research institutes account for much of it. Government, hospital and industry research all contribute to the Canadian presence here.