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Universal Dependencies

74 paper cards from the Research library · 2 of them with an idea Mova measured or kept

What it is

Universal Dependencies, UD for short, is a shared way to annotate grammar for all languages: the same parts of speech (UPOS), the same morphological features and the same dependency relations, so a tree of English and a tree of Hebrew can be read and compared with one set of labels. It is a community project with treebanks for well over a hundred languages.

UD treebanks are stored in the CoNLL-U format, one word to a line with its lemma, tags, features, head and relation. Because the scheme is shared, a parser can be trained and measured the same way for every language, and differences between treebanks show where annotators of one language made different choices.

How Mova does it

Every sentence Mova reads becomes a UD tree. Mova also keeps its own dialect of UD, a metadialect that records the habits of each treebank and converts between them, so trees from different sources can be compared fairly; each UD treebank has a folder with its habits, papers and converters.

The papers (74)

Cards with a measured or kept idea first, then by citations.

  1. Universal Decompositional Semantics on Universal Dependencies 1 idea kept — Aaron Steven White, Drew Reisinger, Keisuke Sakaguchi, Tim Vieira et al., 2016 · 122 citations
  2. Applying Occam's Razor to Transformer-Based Dependency Parsing: What Works, What Doesn't, and What is Really Necessary measured — Stefan Grünewald, Annemarie Friedrich, Jonas Kuhn, 2021 · 9 citations
  3. Universal Dependencies v1: A Multilingual Treebank Collection — Joakim Nivre, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Yoav Goldberg et al., 2016 · 1028 citations
  4. Tokenizing, POS Tagging, Lemmatizing and Parsing UD 2.0 with UDPipe — Milan Straka, Jana Straková, 2017 · 567 citations
  5. Universal Dependencies — Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Christopher D. Manning, Joakim Nivre, Daniel Zeman, 2021 · 480 citations
  6. CoNLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies — Daniel Zeman, Martin Popel, Milan Straka, Jan Hajič et al., 2017 · 367 citations
  7. UDPipe: Trainable Pipeline for Processing CoNLL-U Files Performing Tokenization, Morphological Analysis, POS Tagging and Parsing — Milan Straka, Jan Hajič, Jana Straková, 2016 · 350 citations
  8. Universal Dependencies v2: An Evergrowing Multilingual Treebank Collection — Joakim Nivre, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Jan Hajič et al., 2020 · 325 citations
  9. 75 Languages, 1 Model: Parsing Universal Dependencies Universally — Dan Kondratyuk, Milan Straka, 2019 · 225 citations
  10. Enhanced English Universal Dependencies: An Improved Representation for Natural Language Understanding Tasks — Sebastian Schuster, Christopher D. Manning, 2016 · 224 citations
  11. UDPipe 2.0 Prototype at CoNLL 2018 UD Shared Task — Milan Straka, 2018 · 115 citations
  12. Parsing Tweets into Universal Dependencies — Yijia Liu, Yi Zhu, Wanxiang Che, Bing Qin et al., 2018 · 72 citations
  13. CoNLL 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies — Daniel Zeman, Jan Hajič, Martin Popel, Martin Potthast et al., 2018 · 61 citations
  14. Universal Dependencies for Learner English — Yevgeni Berzak, Jessica Kenney, Carolyn Spadine, Jing Xian Wang et al., 2016 · 56 citations
  15. Overview of the IWPT 2020 Shared Task on Parsing into Enhanced Universal Dependencies — Gosse Bouma, Djamé Seddah, Daniel Zeman, 2020 · 31 citations
  16. Universal Dependencies Parsing for Colloquial Singaporean English — Hongmin Wang, Yue Zhang, GuangYong Leonard Chan, Jie Yang et al., 2017 · 27 citations
  17. 'IMS at the CoNLL 2017 UD Shared Task: CRFs and Perceptrons Meet Neural Networks' — Anders Björkelund, Agnieszka Falenska, Xiang Yu, Jonas Kuhn, 2017 · 25 citations
  18. Udapi: Universal API for Universal Dependencies — Martin Popel, Zdeněk Žabokrtský, Martin Vojtek, 2017 · 25 citations
  19. Universal Dependencies for Arabic — Dima Taji, Nizar Habash, Daniel Zeman, 2017 · 23 citations
  20. Assessing the Annotation Consistency of the Universal Dependencies Corpora — Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Matias Grioni, Jenna Kanerva, Filip Ginter, 2017 · 19 citations
  21. From Raw Text to Enhanced Universal Dependencies: The Parsing Shared Task at IWPT 2021 — Gosse Bouma, Djamé Seddah, Daniel Zeman, 2021 · 18 citations
  22. Enhanced UD Dependencies with Neutralized Diathesis Alternation — Marie Candito, Bruno Guillaume, Guy Perrier, Djamé Seddah, 2017 · 18 citations
  23. Converting an English-Swedish Parallel Treebank to Universal Dependencies — Lars Ahrenberg, 2015 · 17 citations
  24. Does Universal Dependencies need a parsing representation? An investigation of English — Natalia Silveira, Christopher Manning, 2015 · 14 citations
  25. RobertNLP at the IWPT 2020 Shared Task: Surprisingly Simple Enhanced UD Parsing for English — Stefan Grünewald, Annemarie Friedrich, 2020 · 13 citations
  26. Gapping Constructions in Universal Dependencies v2 — Sebastian Schuster, Matthew Lamm, Christopher D. Manning, 2017 · 13 citations
  27. Hybrid Enhanced Universal Dependencies Parsing — Johannes Heinecke, 2020 · 12 citations
  28. Universal Dependencies for Amharic — Binyam Ephrem Seyoum, Yusuke Miyao, Baye Yimam Mekonnen, 2018 · 12 citations
  29. Coordinate Constructions in English Enhanced Universal Dependencies: Analysis and Computational Modeling — Stefan Grünewald, Prisca Piccirilli, Annemarie Friedrich, 2021 · 9 citations
  30. All Roads Lead to UD: Converting Stanford and Penn Parses to English Universal Dependencies with Multilayer Annotations — Siyao Peng, Amir Zeldes, 2018 · 9 citations
  31. Investigating NP-Chunking with Universal Dependencies for English — Ophélie Lacroix, 2018 · 9 citations
  32. A Second Wave of UD Hebrew Treebanking and Cross-Domain Parsing — Amir Zeldes, Nick Howell, Noam Ordan, Yifat Ben Moshe, 2022 · 6 citations
  33. CorefUD 1.0: Coreference Meets Universal Dependencies — Anna Nedoluzhko, Michal Novák, Martin Popel, Zdeněk Žabokrtský et al., 2022 · 6 citations
  34. How Much of Enhanced UD Is Contained in UD? — Adam Ek, Jean-Philippe Bernardy, 2020 · 6 citations
  35. Errator: a Tool to Help Detect Annotation Errors in the Universal Dependencies Project — Guillaume Wisniewski, 2018 · 6 citations
  36. Nested Coordination in Universal Dependencies — Adam Przepiórkowski, Agnieszka Patejuk, 2019 · 4 citations
  37. Merged bilingual trees based on Universal Dependencies in Machine Translation — David Mareček, 2016 · 4 citations
  38. Graph Rewriting for Enhanced Universal Dependencies — Bruno Guillaume, Guy Perrier, 2021 · 3 citations
  39. Parsing the Switch: LLM-Based UD Annotation for Complex Code-Switched and Low-Resource Languages — Olga Kellert, Nemika Tyagi, Muhammad Imran, Nelvin Licona-Guevara et al., 2025 · 2 citations
  40. From YCOE to UD: Rule-based Root Identification in Old English — Luca Brigada Villa, Martina Giarda, 2024 · 1 citations
  41. Are UD Treebanks Getting More Consistent? A Report Card for English UD — Amir Zeldes, Nathan Schneider, 2023 · 1 citations
  42. Universal Dependencies and Semantics for English and Hebrew Child-directed Speech — Ida Szubert, Omri Abend, Nathan Schneider, Samuel Gibbon et al., 2022 · 1 citations
  43. Annotation guidelines of UD and SUD treebanks for spoken corpora: A proposal — Sylvain Kahane, Bernard Caron, Emmett Strickland, Kim Gerdes, 2021 · 1 citations
  44. Mischievous nominal constructions in Universal Dependencies — Nathan Schneider, Amir Zeldes, 2021 · 1 citations
  45. Towards an adequate account of parataxis in Universal Dependencies — Lars Ahrenberg, 2019 · 1 citations
  46. Universal Dependencies in a galaxy far, far away... What makes Yoda's English truly alien — Natalia Levshina, 2019 · 1 citations
  47. Enhancing PTB Universal Dependencies for Grammar-Based Surface Realization — David L. King, Michael White, 2016 · 1 citations
  48. A Proposal for a More Universal Annotation of Relative Clauses in Universal Dependencies — Santiago Herrera, Sylvain Kahane, 2026
  49. Encoding Logical Relations of Chinese Complex Sentences within the Universal Dependencies Framework — Hongpu Zhu, Hongzhi Xu, 2026
  50. From CHAT to Coded CoNLL-U: A Reproducible Pipeline for the Syntactic Annotation and Querying of Child Language Data — Achim Stein, 2026
  51. From Syntax to Semantics: Introducing UMR for NLP Annotation — Adriana S. Pagano, Magali Sanches Duran, Federica Gamba, 2026
  52. Modelling the Morphology of Verbal Paradigms: A Case Study in the Tokenization of Turkish and Hebrew — Giuseppe Samo, Paola Merlo, 2026
  53. Syntax is the Key to Semantics: Combining Universal Dependencies and Abstract Meaning Representation — Johannes Heinecke, 2026
  54. Universal Dependencies guidelines (v2): English-specific pages — Universal Dependencies contributors, 2026
  55. Annotating Second Language in Universal Dependencies: a Review of Current Practices and Directions for Harmonized Guidelines — Arianna Masciolini, Aleksandrs Berdicevskis, Maria Irena Szawerna, Elena Volodina, 2025
  56. Bootstrapping UMRs from Universal Dependencies for Scalable Multilingual Annotation — Federica Gamba, Alexis Palmer, Daniel Zeman, 2025
  57. Building UD Cairo for Old English in the Classroom — Lauren Levine, Junghyun Min, Amir Zeldes, 2025
  58. Expanding the Universal Dependencies Ancient Hebrew Treebank with Constituency Data — Daniel G. Swanson, 2025
  59. Negation in Universal Dependencies — Jamie Yates Findlay, Dag Trygve Truslew Haug, 2025
  60. UD-English-CHILDES: A Collected Resource of Gold and Silver Universal Dependencies Trees for Child Language Interactions — Xiulin Yang, Zhuoxuan Ju, Lanni Bu, Zoey Liu et al., 2025
  61. «Are you Afraid of Ghosts?» A Proposal for Busting Predicate Ellipsis in Universal Dependencies — Claudia Corbetta, Federica Iurescia, Marco Carlo Passarotti, 2025
  62. Fitting Fixed Expressions into the UD Mould: Swedish as a Use Case — Lars Ahrenberg, 2024
  63. Producing a Parallel Universal Dependencies Treebank of Ancient Hebrew and Ancient Greek via Cross-Lingual Projection — Daniel G. Swanson, Bryce D. Bussert, Francis Tyers, 2024
  64. Difficulties in Handling Mathematical Expressions in Universal Dependencies — Lauren Levine, 2023
  65. A Universal Dependencies Treebank of Ancient Hebrew — Daniel G. Swanson, Francis M. Tyers, 2022
  66. Can predicate-argument relationships be extracted from UD trees? — Adam Ek, Jean-Philippe Bernardy, Stergios Chatzikyriakidis, 2021
  67. Coreference meets Universal Dependencies – a pilot experiment on harmonizing coreference datasets for 11 languages — Anna Nedoluzhko, Michal Novák, Martin Popel, Zdeněk Žabokrtský et al., 2021
  68. Do UD Trees Match Mention Spans in Coreference Annotations? — Martin Popel, Zdeněk Žabokrtský, Anna Nedoluzhko, Michal Novák et al., 2021
  69. How useful are Enhanced Universal Dependencies for semantic interpretation? — Jamie Y. Findlay, Dag T. T. Haug, 2021
  70. Minor changes make a difference: a case study on the consistency of UD-based dependency parsers — Dmytro Kalpakchi, Johan Boye, 2021
  71. Validation of Universal Dependencies by regeneration — Guy Lapalme, 2021
  72. Comparing PTB and UD information for PDTB discourse connective identification — Kelvin Han, Phyllicia Leavitt, Srilakshmi Balard, 2020
  73. I've got a construction looks funny – representing and recovering non-standard constructions in UD — Josef Ruppenhofer, Ines Rehbein, 2020
  74. Identifying and Handling Cross-Treebank Inconsistencies in UD: A Pilot Study — Tillmann Dönicke, Xiang Yu, Jonas Kuhn, 2020

More papers in the library (1)

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