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home / papers / 2026 / Information Asymmetry across Language Varieties: A Case Study on Cantonese-Mandarin and Bavarian-German QA

Information Asymmetry across Language Varieties: A Case Study on Cantonese-Mandarin and Bavarian-German QA

Summary

LLMs are increasingly used to look up facts, but they may not know things that are documented only in Wikipedia editions written in regional language varieties. This paper builds WiLoVa-QA, a manually annotated benchmark for two variety pairs that share a territory: Cantonese vs. Mandarin and Bavarian vs. German. Each question targets a fact found in the lead section of a local-variety Wikipedia article but missing from the matching standard-language article. A smaller set of document-level questions draws on the full local article.

The authors test models in two settings: closed-book, where models rely on their own knowledge, and open-book, where the relevant lead section is supplied. In closed-book mode, models mostly fail on these questions. Adding the local lead section raises scores sharply, and translating that context into the standard variety helps further. Comparisons with ECLeKTic show that local varieties still fall behind widely spoken languages. Topic and region annotations show that local Wikipedias also hold facts about things outside their own region. These results raise concerns about how well LLMs cover cultural and regional knowledge.

Key points

  • WiLoVa-QA contains 294 lead-section QA pairs for yue-cmn and 178 for bar-deu, plus a smaller document-level subset. The dataset and code are released on the mainlp GitHub.
  • Qwen2.5-72B was the strongest model overall. Its average BERTScore with Cantonese context rose from 23.17 (question only) to 55.85. For Bavarian–German, it rose from 26.96 to 40.28 with local context and to 44.65 with both standard and local lead sections.
  • Articles were labeled with 14 topic categories. Geography was the most frequent topic (26 yue-cmn and 35 bar-deu articles), followed by entertainment-art (25 and 19).
  • Only a minority of articles concern the local speaker region: 49 (35.8%) for yue-cmn and 35 (37.2%) for bar-deu. Scores on these locally relevant articles were close to the dataset average.
  • The cross-lingual comparison uses ECLeKTic (Goldman et al., 2025). The work was funded by the ERC grant DIALECT (101043235).

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Linguistics & languages

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.63317/3m35a6d3v5w7

@inproceedings{pei2026information,
  title = {{Information Asymmetry across Language Varieties: A Case Study on Cantonese-Mandarin and Bavarian-German QA}},
  author = {Pei, Renhao and Peng, Siyao and Blaschke, Verena and Litschko, Robert and Plank, Barbara},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.63317/3m35a6d3v5w7},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/3m35a6d3v5w7}
}

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