Automatic Language Identification in Texts: A Survey
Written for the Research library (claude-opus-5-5) from the paper text, in our own words: the license "arXiv — non-exclusive licence to distribute" does not allow redistributing the text itself. Original — arxiv.org/pdf/1804.08186
Summary
Language identification (LI) means deciding which natural language a text, or a portion of it, is written in. It is usually the first stage of NLP and IR pipelines, so its mistakes spread to every later step. Work on LI is scattered across NLP, IR, machine learning, data mining and other fields, and many researchers have built systems without knowing about related efforts.
This survey grew out of the literature review in Marco Lui's PhD thesis. It traces more than fifty years of LI research and describes text representations and learning algorithms in one shared mathematical notation, which makes the links between methods easier to see. It also reviews evaluation practice, applications, ready-made tools that need no training by the user, and open problems.
The authors argue that LI is far from solved. Near-perfect scores appear only with long, clean, monolingual texts in a few languages. Short inputs, HTML noise, social-media language, mixed-language documents and closely related varieties remain difficult. For corpus building and low-resource language work, the survey serves as a practical map of the field.
Key points
- The earliest known LI program is Mustonen (1965). It used multiple discriminant analysis to separate English, Swedish and Finnish, trained on 300 words per language and tested on 100. It classified 76% of words correctly.
- The survey treats languages, varieties and dialects as the same kind of problem. Close pairs such as Croatian vs. Serbian or Brazilian vs. European Portuguese are harder to separate. Arabic resources mentioned include a 2,000-sentence parallel corpus covering MSA, five dialects and English (Bouamor et al., 2014), and an 18-dialect web-forum corpus (Sadat et al., 2014b).
- Salloum et al. (2014) identified Arabic dialects at the sentence level before machine translation, which gave a 1.0% BLEU improvement over a dialect-agnostic baseline.
- Jurgens et al. (2017) found that naively trained LI performs worst on English varieties of the lowest socio-economic groups. Training on a more representative dataset reduced this bias.
- In domain-specific LI, Mayer (2012) showed that the language of eBay user messages can be identified from only the opening and closing two words.
Cited by
Cite
@article{jauhiainen2019automatic,
title = {{Automatic Language Identification in Texts: A Survey}},
author = {Jauhiainen, Tommi and Lui, Marco and Zampieri, Marcos and Baldwin, Timothy and Lindén, Krister},
journal = {Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 65},
year = {2019},
doi = {10.1613/jair.1.11675},
eprint = {1804.08186},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11675}
}References
- Kheireddine Abainia, Siham Ouamour, and Halim Sayoud. Robust Language Identification of Noisy Texts - Proposal of Hybrid Approaches. In 25th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA), pages 228–232, Munich, Germany, 2014. find
- Kheireddine Abainia, Siham Ouamour, and Halim Sayoud. Effective Language Identification of Forum Texts Based on Statistical Approaches. Information Processing and Management, 52:491–512, 2016. find
- Steven Abney and Steven Bird. The Human Language Project: Building a Universal Corpus of the World’s Languages. In Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 11th Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL HLT 2010), pages 88–97, Los… find
- Judit Ács, László Grad-Gyenge, Thiago Bruno, and Rodriguez de Rezende Oliveira. A Two-level Classifier for Discriminating similar Languages. In Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects (LT4VarDial), pages 73–77, Hissar, Bulgari… find
- Gary Adams and Philip Resnik. A Language Identification Application Built on the Java Client/server Platform. In Proceedings of the ACL/EACL’97 Workshop on From Research to Commercial Applications: Making NLP Work in Practice, pages 43–47, Madrid, Spain, 1997. find
- Wafia Adouane. Automatic Detection of Underresourced Languages: Dialectal Arabic Short Texts. Master’s thesis, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2016. find
- Wafia Adouane and Simon Dobnik. Identification of Languages in Algerian Arabic Multilingual Documents. In Proceedings of The Third Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop (WANLP 2017), pages 1–8, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- Wafia Adouane, Nasredine Semmar, and Richard Johansson. Romanized Berber and Romanized Arabic Automatic Language Identification Using Machine Learning. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects (VarDial), pages 53–61, Osaka, Japan, 2016a. find
- Wafia Adouane, Nasredine Semmar, and Richard Johansson. Arabicized and Romanized Berber Automatic Identification. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Amazingh (TICAM 2016), Rabat, Morocco, 2016b. IRCAM. find
- Wafia Adouane, Nasredine Semmar, and Richard Johansson. ASIREM Participation at the Discriminating Similar Languages Shared Task 2016. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects (VarDial), pages 163– 169, Osaka, Japan, 2016c. find
- Wafia Adouane, Nasredine Semmar, Richard Johansson, and Victoria Bobicev. Automatic Detection of Arabicized Berber and Arabic Varieties. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects (VarDial), pages 63–72, Osaka, Japan, 2016d. find
- Bashir Ahmed, Sung-Hyuk Cha, and Charles Tappert. Language Identification from Text Using N-gram Based Cumulative Frequency Addition. In Proceedings of Student/Faculty Research Day, pages 12.1–12.8, CSIS, Pace University, New York, USA, 2004. find
- Malepati Bala Siva Sai Akhil and J. Abhishek. Language Identification, Transliteration and Resolving Common Words Ambiguity in a Pair of Languages: Shared Task on Transliterated Search. In Working Notes of Shared Task on Transliterated Search at Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE’14),… find
- Liliya Akhtyamova, John Cardiff, and Andrey Ignatov. Twitter Author Profiling Using Word Embeddings and Logistic Regression - Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Linda Cappellato, Nicola Ferro, Lorraine Goeuriot, and Thomas Mandl, editors, Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and Workshop… find
- Nicholas Akosu and Ali Selamat. A Dynamic Model Selection Algorithm for Language Identification of Under-resourced Languages. International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications (JDCTA), 8, 2014. find
- Mohamed Al-Badrashiny and Mona T. Diab. LILI: A Simple Language Independent Approach for Language Identification. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2016): Technical Papers, pages 1211–1219, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Mohamed Al-Badrashiny, Heba Elfardy, and Mona Diab. AIDA2: A Hybrid Approach for Token and Sentence Level Dialect Identification in Arabic. In Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Language Learning, pages 42–51, Beijing, China, 2015. find
- Beatrice Alex. An Unsupervised System for Identifying English Inclusions in German Text. In Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop, ACL-05, pages 133–138, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, 2005. find
- Beatrice Alex, Amit Dubey, and Frank Keller. Using Foreign Inclusion Detection to Improve Parsing Performance. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning 2007 (EMNLP-CoNLL 2007), pages 151–160, Prague, Czech… find
- David Alfter. Language Segmentation. Master’s thesis, Universität Trier, Trier, Germany, 2015. find
- Ahmed Ali, Najim Dehak, Patrick Cardinal, Sameer Khurana, Sree Harsha Yella, James Glass, Peter Bell, and Steve Renals. Automatic Dialect Detection in Arabic Broadcast Speech. In Proceedings of Interspeech 2016, pages 2934–2938, San Francisco, USA, 2016. find
- Ahmed Ali, Stephan Vogel, and Steve Renals. Speech Recognition challenge in the Wild: Arabic MGB-3. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1709.07276, 2017. find
- Khaled Alrifai, Ghaida Rebdawi, and Nada Ghneim. Arabic Tweeps Gender and Dialect Prediction – Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Linda Cappellato, Nicola Ferro, Lorraine Goeuriot, and Thomas Mandl, editors, Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and Workshop, Dublin, Ireland, September 20… find
- AOO Alshutayri and Eric Atwell. Exploring Twitter as a Source of an Arabic Dialect Corpus. International Journal of Computational Linguistics (IJCL), 8(2):37–44, 2017. find
- Areej Alshutayri, Eric Atwell, AbdulRahman Alosaimy, James Dickins, Michael Ingleby, and Janet Watson. Arabic Language WEKA-Based Dialect Classifier for Arabic Automatic Speech Recognition Transcripts. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects (VarDial… find
- Abdelmalek Amine, Zakaria Elberrichi, and Michel Simonet. Automatic Language Identification: An Alternative Unsupervised Approach Using a New Hybrid Algorithm. International Journal of Computer Science and Applications, 7(1):94–107, 2010. find
- Supriya Anand. Language Identification for Transliterated Forms of Indian Language Queries. In Working Notes of Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE), Bangalore, India, 2014. find
- Stefanie Anstein. Computational Approaches to the Comparison of Regional Variety Corpora: Prototyping a Semi-automatic System for German. PhD thesis, University of Stuttgart, 2013. find
- Olga Artemenko and Margaryta Shramko. Entwicklung eines Werkzeugs zur Sprachiden-tifikation in mono- und multilingualen Texten. Master’s thesis, Universität Hildesheim, 2005. find
- A. S. Babu and P. Kumar. Comparing Neural Network Approach with N-Gram Approach for Text Categorization. International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, 2 (1):80–83, 2010. find
- Ivana Balažević, Mikio Braun, and Klaus-Robert Müller. Language Detection For Short Text Messages In Social Media. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1608.08515, 2016. — [arXiv:1608.08515](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.08515) find
- Timothy Baldwin and Marco Lui. Multilingual Language Identification: ALTW 2010 Shared Task Dataset. In Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2010 (ALTW 2010), pages 5–7, Melbourne, Australia, 2010a. find
- Timothy Baldwin and Marco Lui. Language Identification: The Long and the Short of the Matter. In Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 11th Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL HLT 2010), pages 229–237, Los Angeles, USA, 20… find
- Somnath Banerjee, Aniruddha Roy, Alapan Kuila, Sudip Kumar Naskar, Sivaji Bandyopadhyay, and Paolo Rosso. A Hybrid Approach for Transliterated Word-Level Language Identification: CRF with Post Processing Heuristics. In Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluati… find
- Kfir Bar and Nachum Dershowitz. The Tel Aviv University System for the Code-Switching Workshop Shared Task. In Proceedings of The First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 139–143, Doha, Qatar, 2014. find
- Adrien Barbaresi. An Unsupervised Morphological Criterion for Discriminating Similar Languages. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects (VarDial), pages 212–220, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Adrien Barbaresi. Discriminating between Similar Languages using Weighted Subword Features. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 184–189, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- Utsab Barman, Amitava Das, Joachim Wagner, and Jennifer Foster. Code Mixing: A Challenge for Language Identification in the Language of Social Media. In Proceedings of The First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 127–132, Doha, Qatar, 2014a. find
- Utsab Barman, Joachim Wagner, Grzegorz Chrupala, and Jennifer Foster. DCU-UVT: Word-Level Language Classification with Code-Mixed Data. In Proceedings of The First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 13–23, Doha, Qatar, 2014b. find
- Angelo Basile, Gareth Dwyer, Maria Medvedeva, Josine Rawee, Hessel Haagsma, and Malvina Nissim. N-GrAM: New Groningen Author-profiling Model—Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and Workshop, Dublin, Ireland, 2017. find
- Eleanor Olds Batchelder. A Learning Experience: Training an Artificial Neural Network to Discriminate Languages. Technical report, 1992. find
- Eda Baykan, Monika Henzinger, and Ingmar Weber. Web page language identification based on URLs. In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB 2008), pages 176–187, Auckland, New Zealand, 2008. find
- Kenneth R. Beesley. Language Identifier: A Computer Program for Automatic Natural-Language Identification of On-line Text. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the American Translators Association: Languages at Crossroads, pages 47–54, Seattle, USA, 1988. find
- Božo Bekavac, Kristina Kocijan, and Marko Tadić. Near Language Identification using NooJ. In Formalising Natural Languages with NooJ 2014: Selected papers from the NooJ 2014 International Conference, pages 152–166. find
- Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Sassari, Italy, 2014. find
- Dario Benedetto, Emanuele Caglioti, and Vittorio Loreto. Language Trees and Zipping. Physical Review Letters, 88(4), 2002. find
- Shane Bergsma, Paul McNamee, Mossaab Bagdouri, Clayton Fink, and Theresa Wilson. Language Identification for Creating Language-specific Twitter Collections. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media (LSM2012), pages 65–74, Montréal, Canada, 2012. find
- Yves Bestgen. Improving the Character Ngram Model for the DSL Task with BM25 Weighting and Less Frequently Used Feature Sets. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 115–123, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- Aditya Bhargava and Grzegorz Kondrak. Language Identification of Names with SVMs. In Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 11th Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL HLT 2010), pages 693–696, Los Angeles, California, USA, Ju… find
- Rupal Bhargava, Yashvardhan Sharma, Shubham Sharma, and Abhinav Baid. Query Labeling for Indic Languages Using a Hybrid Approach. In Working Notes of the Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2015), pages 42–44, Gandhinagar, India, 2015. find
- S. Nagesh Bhattu and Vadlamani Ravi. Language Identification in Mixed Script Social Media Text. In Working Notes of the Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2015), pages 39–31, Gandhinagar, India, 2015. find
- Chris Biemann and Sven Teresniak. Disentangling from Babylonian confusion — Unsupervised Language Identification. In Alexander Gelbukh, editor, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics (CICLing-2005), pages 773–784, Mexico City, Mex… find
- Enikö Beatrice Bilcu and Jaakko Astola. A Hybrid Neural Network for Language Identification from Text. In Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing, pages 253–258, Maynooth, Ireland, 2006. find
- Arnold Binas. Markovian Time Series Models for Language Identification. Project Report, 2005. find
- Johannes Bjerva. Byte-based Language Identification with Deep Convolutional Networks. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 119–126, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- David M. Blei, Andrew Y. Ng, and Michael I. Jordan. Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3:993–1022, 2003. find our card
- Su Lin Blodgett, Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei, and Brendan O’Connor. A Dataset and Classifier for Recognizing Social Media English. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text, pages 56–61, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2017. find
- Victoria Bobicev. Discriminating between Similar Languages Using PPM. In Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects (LT4VarDial), pages 59–65, Hissar, Bulgaria, 2015. find
- Gerrit Botha, Victor Zimu, and Etienne Barnard. Text-based Language Identification for South African Languages. Transactions of the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, 98(4):141–148, 2007. find
- Gerrit Reinier Botha. Text-Based Language Identification for The South African Languages. Master’s thesis, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa, 2008. find
- Gerrit Reinier Botha and Etienne Barnard. Factors that Affect the Accuracy of Text-based Language Identification. In J. R. Tapamo and F. Nicolls, editors, Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pages 7–12, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa… find
- Gerrit Reinier Botha and Etienne Barnard. Factors that Affect the Accuracy of Text-based Language Identification. Computer Speech and Language, 26(5):307–320, October 2012. find
- Houda Bouamor, Nizar Habash, and Kemal Oflazer. A Multidialectal Parallel Corpus of Arabic. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’14), pages 1240–1245, Reykjavik, Iceland, 2014. find
- Matko Bošnjak, Eduarda Mendes Rodrigues, and Luis Sarmento. Robust Language Identification with RapidMiner: A Text Mining Use Case. In Markus Hofmann and Ralf Klinkenberg, editors, RapidMiner: Data Mining Use Cases and Business Analytics Applications, pages 213–239. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2013. find
- Peter F. Brown, Peter V. deSouza, Robert L. Mercer, Vincent J. Della Pietra, and Jenifer C. Lai. Class-Based n-gram Models of Natural Language. Computational Linguistics, 18(4): 467–479, 1992. find
- Ralf D. Brown. Finding and Identifying Text in 900+ Languages. Digital Investigation, 9: S34–S43, 2012. find
- Ralf D. Brown. Selecting and Weighting N-grams to Identify 1100 Languages. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue (TSD 2013), pages 475–483, Plzeň, Czech Republic, 2013. find
- Ralf D. Brown. Non-linear Mapping for Improved Identification of 1300+ Languages. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2014), pages 627–632, Doha, Qatar, 2014. find
- Brian O. Bush. Language Identification of Tweets Using LZW Compression. In 3rd Pacific Northwest Regional NLP Workshop (NW-NLP 2014), Redmond, USA, 2014. find
- Paul van Cann. Dialect Identification on Twitter: A Research About the Detection of the Limburgian Dialect from Twitter messages. Master’s thesis, University of Tilburg, 2015. find
- Simon Carter, Wouter Weerkamp, and Manos Tsagkias. Microblog Language Identification: Overcoming the Limitations of Short, Unedited and Idiomatic text. Language Resources and Evaluation, 47(1):195–215, 2013. find
- Dayvid Castro, Ellen Souza, and Adriano L. I. de Oliveira. Discriminating between Brazilian and European Portuguese National Varieties on Twitter Texts. In Proceedings of the 5th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS 2016), pages 265–270, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, 2016. IEEE. find
- Dayvid W. Castro, Ellen Souza, Douglas Vitório, Diego Santos, and Adriano L. I. Oliveira. Smoothed N-gram Based Models for Tweet Language Identification: A Case Study of the Brazilian and European Portuguese National Varieties. Applied Soft Computing, 61: 1160–1172, 2017. find
- William B. Cavnar and John M. Trenkle. N-Gram-Based Text Categorization. In Proceedings of SDAIR-94, Third Annual Symposium on Document Analysis and Information Retrieval, pages 161–175, Las Vegas, USA, 1994. find
- Jordan Cazamias, Chinmayi Dixit, and Martina Marek. Large-Scale Language Classification - Writing a Detector for 200 Languages on Twitter. Stanford course report, 2015. find
- Çagri Çöltekin and Taraka Rama. Discriminating Similar Languages: Experiments with Linear SVMs and Neural Networks. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 15–24, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Çagri Çöltekin and Taraka Rama. Tübingen System in VarDial 2017 Shared Task: Experiments with Language Identification and Cross-lingual Parsing. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 146–155, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- Ebru Celikel. Language Discrimination via PPM Model. In Henry Selvaraj and Pradip K. Srimani, editors, Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC’05), volume 1, pages 57–62, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 2005. find
- Hakan Ceylan and Yookyung Kim. Language Identification of Search Engine Queries. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP, pages 1066–1074, Suntec, Singapore, 2009. doi: 10.3115… find
- Arunavha Chanda, Dipankar Das, and Chandan Mazumdar. Unraveling the English-Bengali Code-Mixing Phenomenon. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 80–89, Austin, TX, USA, 2016a. find
- Arunavha Chanda, Dipankar Das, and Chandan Mazumdar. Columbia-Jadavpur submission for EMNLP 2016 Code-Switching Workshop Shared Task: System Description. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 112–115, Austin, TX, USA, 2016b. find
- Joseph Chee Chang and Chu-Cheng Lin. Recurrent-neural-network for Language Detection on Twitter Code-Switching Corpus. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1412.4314, 2014. — [arXiv:1412.4314](https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.4314) find
- Stanley F. Chen and Joshua Goodman. An empirical study of smoothing techniques for language modeling. Computer Speech and Language, 13(4):359–394, 1999. find
- Stanley F Chen and Benoı̂t Maison. Using Place Name Data to Train Language Identification Models. In 8th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology EUROSPEECH 2003 - INTERSPEECH 2003, pages 1349–1352, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003. find
- Tianqi Chen and Carlos Guestrin. XGBoost: Reliable Large-sclae Tree Boosting System. arXiv preprint, 1603.02754:1–6, 2016. find
- Yining Chen, Jiali You, Min Chu, Yong Zhao, and Jinlin Wang. Identifying Language Origin of Person Names with N-grams of Different Units. In Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2006), volume 1, pages 729–732, Toulouse, France, 2006… find
- Yew Choong Chew, Yoshiki Mikami, Chandrajith Ashuboda Marasinghe, and S. Turrance Nandasara. Optimizing n-gram Order of an n-gram Based Language Identification Algorithm for 68 Written Languages. International Journal on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer), 02(02):21–28, 2009. find
- Yew Choong Chew, Yoshiki Mikami, and Robin Lee Nagano. Language Identification of Web Pages Based on Improved N-gram Algorithm. International Journal of Computer Science Issues, 8(3):47–58, 2011. find
- Gokul Chittaranjan, Yogarshi Vyas, Kalika Bali, and Monojit Choudhury. Word-level Language Identification using CRF: Code-switching Shared Task Report of MSR India System. In Proceedings of The First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 73–79, Doha, Qatar, 2014. find
- Kenneth Church. Stress Assignment in Letter to Sound Rules for Speech Synthesis. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 246–253, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1985. find
- Andre Cianflone and Leila Kosseim. N-gram and Neural Language Models for Discriminating Similar Languages. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 243–250, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Alina Maria Ciobanu and Liviu P Dinu. A Computational Perspective on the Romanian Dialects. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016), pages 3281–3285, Portorož, Slovenia, may 2016. find
- Alina Maria Ciobanu, Marcos Zampieri, Shervin Malmasi, and Liviu P Dinu. Including Dialects and Language Varieties in Author Profiling. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1707.00621, 2017. — [arXiv:1707.00621](https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.00621) find
- Simon Clematide and Peter Makarov. CLUZH at VarDial GDI 2017: Testing a Variety of Machine Learning Tools for the Classification of Swiss German Dialects. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 170–177, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- Michael Clyne. Pluricentric Languages: Different Norms in Different Nations. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 1992. find
- Peter Constable and Gary Simons. Language identification and IT: Addressing Problems of Linguistic Diversity on a Global Scale. SIL Electronic Working Papers 2000-001, SIL International, Dallas, USA, 2000. find
- Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, and Ronald L. Rivest. Introduction to Algorithms. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990. find
- Ryan Cotterell and Chris Callison-Burch. A Multi-Dialect, Multi-Genre Corpus of Informal Written Arabic. In Proceedings of the 9th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2014), Reykjavik, Iceland, 2014. find
- Jim Cowie, Yevgeny Ludovik, and Ron Zacharski. Language Recognition for Mono- and Multi-lingual Documents. In Proceedings of the VexTal Conference, pages 209–214, Venice, Italy, 1999. find
- Mathias Creutz. Unsupervised Segmentation of Words Using Prior Distributions of Morph Length and Frequency. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2003), volume 1, pages 280–287, Sapporo, Japan, 2003. find
- Marcelo Criscuolo and Sandra Maria Aluı́sio. Discriminating between Similar Languages with Word-level Convolutional Neural Networks. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 124–130, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- Joaquim Ferreira da Silva and Gabriel Pereira Lopes. Identification of Document Language is Not yet a Completely Solved Problem. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modelling, Control and Automation, 2006 and International Conference on Intelligent Agents… find
- Joaquim Ferreira da Silva and Gabriel Pereira Lopes. Identification of Document Language in Hard Contexts. In ACM-SIGIR 2006 New Directions in Multilingual Information Access Proceedings of the Workshop, pages 40–48, Seattle, USA, 2006b. find
- Joaquim Ferreira da Silva and Gabriel Pereira Lopes. Using Covariance as a Similarity Measure for Document Language Identification in Hard Contexts. Pliska Studia Mathematica Bulgarica, 18:341–360, 2007. find
- Kareem Darwish, Hassan Sajjad, and Hamdy Mubarak. Verifiably Effective Arabic Dialect Identification. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2014), pages 1465–1468, Doha, Qatar, 2014. find
- Amitava Das and Björn Gambäck. Code-Mixing in Social Media Text: The Last Language Identification Frontier? Traitement Automatique des Langues, 54(3):41–64, 2013. find
- Amitava Das and Björn Gambäck. Identifying Languages at the Word Level in Code-Mixed Indian Social Media Text. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing, pages 169–178, Goa, India, 2014. find
- Franca Debole and Fabrizio Sebastiani. An Analysis of the Relative Hardness of Reuters-21578 Subsets. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology, 56(6):584–596, 2005. find
- Persi Diaconis and Ronald L. Graham. Spearmam’s Footrule as a Measure of Disarray. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 39(2):262–268, 1977. find
- Sascha Diwersy, Stefan Evert, and Stella Neumann. A Weakly Supervised Multivariate Approach to the Study of Language Variation. In Benedikt Szmrecsanyi and Bernhard Wälchli, editors, Aggregating Dialectology, Typology, and Register Analysis. Linguistic Variation in Text and Speech. De Gruyter, Berl… find
- Nina Dongen. Analysis and Prediction of Dutch-English Code-switching in Dutch Social Media Messages. Master’s thesis, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2017. find
- Yerai Doval, David Vilares, and Jesús Vilares. Automatic Language Identification in Twitter: Adapting State-of-the-Art Identifiers to the Iberian Context. In Proceedings of the Tweet Language Identification Workshop 2014 co-located with 30th Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Pr… find
- Gabriel Doyle. Mapping Dialectal Variation by Querying Social Media. In Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the EACL (EACL 2014), pages 98–106, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2014. find
- Ted Dunning. Statistical Identification of Language. Technical Report MCCS 940-273, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, 1994. find
- Sukanya Dutta, Tista Saha, Somnath Banerjee, and Sudip Kumar Naskar. Text Normalization in Code-Mixed Social Media Text. In 2nd International Conference on Recent Trends in Information Systems (ReTIS), pages 378–382, Kolkata, India, 2015. find
- Bernardt Duvenhage, Mfundo Ntini, and Phala Ramonyai. Improved Text Language Identification for the South African Languages. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (PRASA 2017), Bloemfontein, South Africa, 2017. find
- Hisham El-Shishiny, Alexander Troussov, D. J. McCloskey, Mayo Takeuchi, Alex Nevidomsky, and Pavel Volkov. Word Fragments Based Arabic Language Identification. In Proceedings from NEMLAR International Conference on Arabic Language Resources and Tools, Cairo, Egypt, 2004. find
- Mohamed Eldesouki, Fahim Dalvi, Hassan Sajjad, and Kareem Darwish. QCRI DSL 2016: Spoken Arabic Dialect Identification Using Textual Features. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 221–226, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Heba Elfardy and Mona Diab. Token Level Identification of Linguistic Code Switching. In Martin Kay and Christian Boitet, editors, Proceedings of COLING 2012: Posters, pages 287–296, Mumbai, India, December 2012. find
- The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee. find
- Heba Elfardy and Mona Diab. Sentence Level Dialect Identification in Arabic. In Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers), pages 456–461, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2013. find
- Heba Elfardy, Mohamed Al-Badrashiny, and Mona Diab. Code Switch Point Detection in Arabic. In E. Métais, F. Meziane, M. Sararee, V. Sugumaran, and S. Vadera, editors, Proceedings of the Natural Language Processing and Information Systems - 18th International Conference on Applications of Natural La… find
- Heba Elfardy, Mohamed Al-Badrashiny, and Mona Diab. AIDA: Identifying Code Switching in Informal Arabic Text. In Proceedings of The First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 94–101, Doha, Qatar, 2014. find
- Hani A. Elgabou and Dimitar Kazakov. Building Dialectal Arabic Corpora. In The Proceedings of the First Workshop on Human-Informed Translation and Interpreting Technology (HiT-IT), pages 52–57, Varna, Bulgaria, 2017. find
- David Elworthy. Language Identification with Confidence Limits. In Proceedings of the 6th Annual Workshop on Very Large Corpora, pages 94–101, Montréal, Canada, 1998. find
- Guy Emerson, Liling Tan, Susanne Fertmann, Alexis Palmer, and Michaela Regneri. SeedLing: Building and Using a Seed corpus for the Human Language Project. In Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages, pages 77–85, Baltimore, USA, June 2… find
- Ramy Eskander, Mohamed Al-Badrashiny, Nizar Habash, and Owen Rambow. Foreign Words and the Automatic Processing of Arabic Social Media Text Written in Roman Script. In Proceedings of The First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 1–12, Doha, Qatar, 2014. find
- Alexandra Espichán-Linares and Arturo Oncevay-Marcos. A Low-Resourced Peruvian Language Identification Model. In Juan Antonio Lossio-Ventura and Hugo Alatrista-Salas, editors, Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Symposium on Information Management and Big Data (SIMBig 2017), pages 57–63, Li… find
- Alexandra Espichán-Linares and Arturo Oncevay-Marcos. Language Identification with Scarce Data: A Case Study from Peru. In Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Symposium on Information Management and Big Data (SIMBig 2017), Revised Selected Papers, Lima, Peru, 2018. find
- Raül Fabra-Boluda, Francisco Rangel, and Paolo Rosso. NLEL UPV Autoritas participation at Discrimination between Similar Languages DSL 2015 Shared Task. In Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects (LT4VarDial), pages 52–58, Hissa… find
- Hector-Hugo Franco-Penya and Liliana Malmani Sanchez. Tuning Bayes Baseline for Dialect Detection. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 227–234, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Marc Franco-Salvador, Francisco Rangel, Paolo Rosso, Mariona Taulé, and M. Antònia Martı́t. Language Variety Identification Using Distributed Representations of Words and Documents. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of the CLEF Association (CLEF’15): Experimental IR Meets Multilin… find
- Marc Franco-Salvador, Paolo Rosso, and Francisco Rangel. Distributed Representations of Words and Documents for Discriminating Similar Languages. In Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects (LT4VarDial), pages 11–16, Hissar, Bulga… find
- Marc Franco-Salvador, Greg Kondrak, and Paolo Rosso. Bridging the Native Language and Language Variety Identification Tasks. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems (KES-2017), volume 112, pages 1554–1561, Marseille, Fra… — [doi:10.1016/j.procs.2017.08.068](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.08.068) find
- Marc Franco-Salvador, Nataliia Plotnikova, Neha Pawar, and Yassine Benajiba. Subword-based Deep Averaging Networks for Author Profiling – Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Linda Cappellato, Nicola Ferro, Lorraine Goeuriot, and Thomas Mandl, editors, Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs… find
- Yoav Freund and Robert E. Schapire. A Decision-Theoretic Generalization of On-Line Learning and an Application to Boosting. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 55: 119–139, 1997. find
- Pablo Gamallo, Marcos Garcia, and Susana Sotelo. Comparing Ranking-based and Naive Bayes Approaches to Language Detection on Tweets. In Proceedings of the Tweet Language Identification Workshop 2014 co-located with 30th Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2014),… find
- Pablo Gamallo, José Ramom Pichel, Iñaki Alegria, and Manex Agirrezabal. Comparing two Basic Methods for Discriminating Between Similar Languages and Varieties. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 170–177, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Pablo Gamallo, Jose Ramom Pichel, and Iñaki Alegria. A Perplexity-Based Method for Similar Languages Discrimination. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 109–114, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- Archana Garg, Vishal Gupta, and Manish Jindal. A Survey of Language Identification Techniques and Applications. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence, 6 (4):388–400, 2014. find
- Satanu Ghosh, Souvick Ghosh, and Dipankar Das. Labeling of Query Words using Conditional Random Field. In Working Notes of the Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2015), pages 31–34, Gandhinagar, India, 2015. find
- Emmanuel Giguet. Categorization according to Language: A step toward combining Linguistic Knowledge and Statistic Learning. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Parsing Technologies (IWPT’95), Prague - Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic, 1995. find
- Emmanuel Giguet. Méthode pour l’Analyse Automatique de Structures Formelles sur Documents Multilingues. PhD thesis, Université de Caen, 1998. find
- Oluwapelumi Giwa. Language Identification for Proper Name Pronunciation. PhD thesis, North-West University, Vaal Triangle, 2016. find
- Oluwapelumi Giwa and Marelie H. Davel. N-Gram based Language Identification of Individual Words. In Philip Robinson, editor, Proceedings of the 24th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pages 15–22, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2013. find
- Oluwapelumi Giwa and Marelie H. Davel. Language Identification of Individual Words with Joint Sequence Models. In Proceedings of Interspeech 2014, Singapore, 2014. find
- Moises Goldszmidt, Marc Najork, and Stelios Paparizos. Boot-Strapping Language Identifiers for Short Colloquial Postings. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML PKDD 2013), Part II, pages 95–111, Prague, Cze… find
- Thomas Gottron and Nedim Lipka. A Comparison of Language Identification Approaches on Short, Query-style Texts. In Advances in Information Retrieval - Proceedings of the 32nd annual European Conference on Information Retrieval Research (ECIR 2010), pages 611–614, Milton Keynes, UK, 2010. Springer. find
- Cyril Goutte and Serge Léger. Experiments in Discriminating Similar Languages. In Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects (LT4VarDial), pages 78–84, Hissar, Bulgaria, 2015. find
- Cyril Goutte and Serge Léger. Advances in Ngram-based Discrimination of Similar Languages. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 178–184, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Cyril Goutte, Serge Léger, and Marine Carpuat. The NRC System for Discriminating Similar Languages. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying NLP Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects (VarDial), pages 139–145, Dublin, Ireland, 2014. find
- Cyril Goutte, Serge Léger, Shervin Malmasi, and Marcos Zampieri. Discriminating Similar Languages: Evaluations and Explorations. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016), may 2016. find
- Gregory Grefenstette. Comparing Two Language Identification Schemes. In Proceedings of the 3rd International conference on Statistical Analysis of Textual Data (JADT 1995), Rome, Italy, 1995. find
- Cyril Grouin, Dominic Forest, Lyne Da Sylva, Patrick Paroubek, and Pierre Zweigenbaum. Présentation et Résultats du Défi Fouille de Texte DEFT2010 Où et Quand un Article de Presse a-t-il Été Écrit? In Actes du sixième Défi Fouille de Textes, pages 3–14, Montpellier, France, 2011. find
- Imène Guellil and Faiçal Azouaou. Arabic Dialect Identification With an Unsupervised Learning (based on a lexicon). Application case: Algerian Dialect. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering and IEEE International Conference on Embedded an… find
- Bhumika Gupta, Gaurav Bhatt, and Ankush Mittal. Language Identification and Disambiguation in Indian Mixed-Script. In Nikolaj Bjørner, Sanjiva Prasad, and Laxmi Parida, editors, Distributed Computing and Internet Technology, pages 113–121. Springer, 2016. find
- Deepak Kumar Gupta, Shubham Kumar, and Asif Ekbal. Machine Learning Approach for Language Identification & Transliteration: Shared Task Report of IITP-TS. In Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE), pages 60–64, Bangalore, India, 2014. find
- Gualberto A. Guzmán, Joseph Ricard, Jacqueline Serigos, Barbara Bullock, and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio. Moving Code-switching Research Toward More Empirically Grounded Methods. In Thierry Declerck and Sandra Kübler, editors, Proceedings of the Workshop on Corpora in the Digital Humanities (CDH 20… find
- Helena Gómez-Adorno, Ilia Markov, Jorge Baptista, Grigori Sidorov, and David Pinto. Discriminating between Similar Languages Using a Combination of Typed and Untyped Character N-grams and Words. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 137–14… find
- Nizar Habash and Fatiha Sadat. Arabic Preprocessing Schemes for Statistical Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics/Human Language Technologies Conference (HLT-NAACL06), pages 49–52, New York, NY, USA, 2006… find
- Andrea Haţegan, Bogdan Bârligǎ, and Ioan Tǎbuş. Language Identification of Individual Words in a Multilingual Automatic Speech Recognition System. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2009), pages 4357–4360, Taipei, Taiwan, 2009.… find
- Harald Hammarström. A Fine-Grained Model for Language Identification. In Proceedings of Improving Non English Web Searching (iNEWS-07) Workshop at SIGIR 2007, pages 14–20, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2007. find
- Amir Hamzah. Deteksi bahasa untuk dokumen teks berbahasa Indonesia. In Seminar Nasional Informatika 2010 (semnasIF 2010), pages A5–A13, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2010. find
- Abualsoud Hanani, Aziz Qaroush, and Stephen Taylor. Classifying ASR Transcriptions According to Arabic Dialect. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 126–134, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Abualsoud Hanani, Aziz Qaroush, and Stephen Taylor. Identifying Dialects with Textual and Acoustic Cues. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 93–101, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- Farheen Hanif, Fouzia Latif, and M. Sikandar Hayat Khiyal. Unicode Aided Language Identification across Multiple Scripts and Heterogeneous Data. Information Technology Journal, 6(4):534–540, 2007. find
- Maimaitiyiming Hasimu and Wushouer Silamu. Three-stage Short Text Language Identification Algorithm. Journal of Digital Information Management, 15(6):354–371, December 2017. find
- Katia Hayati. Language Identification on the World Wide Web. Master’s thesis, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA, 2004. find
- Sengül Bayrak Hayta, Hidayet Takçı, and Mübariz Eminli. Language Identification Based On N-Gram Feature Extraction Method By Using Classifiers. IU-Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 13(2):1629–1639, 2013. find
- Junqing He, Zhen Zhang, Xuemin Zhao, Peijia Li, and Yonghong Yan. Similar Language Identification for Uyghur and Kazakh on Short Spoken Texts. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC 2016), volume 2, pages 496–499, Hangzhou, Chin… find
- Robert Hecht-Nielsen. Theory of the Backpropagation Neural Network. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 1989), pages I593–I605, Washington, DC, USA, 1989. doi: 10.1109/IJCNN.1989.118638. — [doi:10.1109/ijcnn.1989.118638](https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.1989.118638) find
- Peter Henrich. Language Identification for the Automatic Grapheme-to-phoneme Conversion of Foreign Words in a German Text-to-speech System. In First European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, pages 2220–2223, Paris, France, 1989. find
- Ondřej Herman, Vı́t Suchomel, Vı́t Baisa, and Pavel Rychlý. DSL Shared task 2016: Perfect Is The Enemy of Good Language Discrimination Through Expectation-Maximization and Chunk-based Language Model. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 1… find
- Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber. Long Short-Term Memory. Neural Computation, 9:1735–1780, 1997. find
- Nora Hollenstein and Noëmi Aepli. A Resource for Natural Language Processing of Swiss German Dialects. In Proceedings of GSCL, pages 108–109, 2015. find
- Arthur S. House and Edward P. Neuburg. Toward Automatic Identification of the Language of an Utterance. I. Preliminary Methodological Considerations. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 62(3):708–713, 1977. find
- Chu-Ren Huang and Lung-Hao Lee. Contrastive Approach towards Text Source Classification based on Top-Bag-of-Word Similarity. In Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, pages 404–410, Cebu City, Philippines, November 2008. find
- Fei Huang. Improved Arabic Dialect Classification with Social Media Data. In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2015), pages 2118–2126, Lisbon, Portugal, 2015. URL https://aclweb.org/anthology/D/D15/D15-1254. ↗
- Baden Hughes, Timothy Baldwin, Steven Bird, Jeremy Nicholson, and Andrew MacKinlay. Reconsidering Language Identification for Written Language Resources. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2006), pages 485–488, Genoa, Italy, 2006. find
- Lluı́s-F. Hurtado, Ferran Pla, Mayte Giménez, and Emilio Sanchis. ELiRF-UPV at Tweet-LID: Twitter Language Identification. In Proceedings of the Tweet Language Identification Workshop 2014 co-located with 30th Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2014), pages 35–… find
- Juha Häkkinen and Jilei Tian. N-gram and Decision Tree Based Language Identification for Written Words. In Conference Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding (ASRU 2001), pages 335–338, Madonna di Campiglio, Italy, 2001. find
- K. Indhuja, M. Indu, C. Sreejith, and P. C. Reghu Raj. Text Based Language Identification System for Indian Languages Following Devanagiri Script. International Journal of Engineering Reseach and Technology, 3(4):327–331, 2014. find
- Radu Tudor Ionescu. Local rank distance. In Nikolaj Björner, Viorel Negru, Tetsuo Ida, Tudor Jebelean, Dana Petcu, Stephen Watt, and Daniela Zaharie, editors, Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing (SYNASC 2013), pages 219–226, Ti… find
- Radu Tudor Ionescu and Andrei M. Butnaru. Learning to Identify Arabic and German Dialects using Multiple Kernels. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 200–209, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- Radu Tudor Ionescu and Marius Popescu. UnibucKernel: An Approach for Arabic Dialect Identification based on Multiple String Kernels. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 135–144, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Aaron Jaech, George Mulcaire, Shobhit Hathi, Mari Ostendorf, and Noah A. Smith. Hierarchical Character-Word Models for Language Identification. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media, pages 84–93, Austin, TX, USA, 2016a. find
- Aaron Jaech, George Mulcaire, Shobhit Hathi, Mari Ostendorf, and Noah A. Smith. A Neural Model for Language Identification in Code-Switched Tweets. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 60–64, Austin, TX, USA, 2016b. find
- Devanshu Jain. DA-IICT in FIRE 2015 Shared Task on Mixed Script Information Retrieval. In Working Notes of the Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2015), pages 53–56, Gandhinagar, India, 2015. find
- Radwan Jalam. Apprentissage Automatique et Catégorisation de Textes Multilingues. PhD thesis, Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2003. find
- Radwan Jalam and Olivier Teytaud. Kernel-based Text Categorization. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN’01), volume 3, pages 1891–1896, Washington, DC, USA, 2001a. find
- Radwan Jalam and Olivier Teytaud. Identification de la Langue et Catégorisation de Textes Basées sur les N-grammes. In Henri Briand and Fabrice Guillet, editors, Journées Francophones d’extraction et de gestion de connaissances (EGC’2001), pages 227–238, Nantes, France, 2001b. find
- Heidi Jauhiainen, Tommi Jauhiainen, and Krister Lindén. The Finno-Ugric Languages and The Internet Project. Septentrio Conference Series, 0(2):87–98, 2015a. ISSN 2387-3086. doi: 10.7557/5.3471. URL http://septentrio.uit.no/index.php/SCS/article/view/3471. — [doi:10.7557/5.3471](https://doi.org/10.7557/5.3471) ↗
- Tommi Jauhiainen. Tekstin kielen automaattinen tunnistaminen. Master’s thesis, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 2010. find
- Tommi Jauhiainen, Heidi Jauhiainen, and Krister Lindén. Discriminating Similar Languages with Token-based Backoff. In Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects, LT4VarDial ’15, pages 44–51, Hissar, Bulgaria, 2015b. find
- Tommi Jauhiainen, Krister Lindén, and Heidi Jauhiainen. Language Set Identification in Noisy Synthetic Multilingual Documents. In Proceedings of the Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing 16th International Conference, CICLing 2015, pages 633– 643, Cairo, Egypt, 2015c. find
- Tommi Jauhiainen, Krister Lindén, and Heidi Jauhiainen. HeLI, a Word-Based Backoff Method for Language Identification. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 153–162, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Tommi Jauhiainen, Krister Lindén, and Heidi Jauhiainen. Evaluation of Language Identification Methods Using 285 Languages. In Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa 2017), pages 183–191, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2017a. Linköping University Electronic Press. find
- Tommi Jauhiainen, Krister Lindén, and Heidi Jauhiainen. Evaluating HeLI with Non-Linear Mappings. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 102–108, Valencia, Spain, 2017b. find
- Harsh Jhamtani, Suleep Kumar Bhogi, and Vaskar Raychoudhury. Word-level Language Identification in Bi-lingual Code-switched Texts. In 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, pages 348–357, Phuket, Thailand, 2014. find
- Jay J. Jiang and David W. Conrath. Semantic Similarity Based on Corpus Statistics and Lexical Taxonomy. In Proceedings of International Conference on Research on Computational Linguistics (ROCLING), Taiwan, 1997. find
- Taeho Jo. Neural Text Categorizer for Exclusive Text Categorization. Journal of Infomra-tion Processing Systems, 4:77–86, 2008. find
- Hardik Joshi, Apurva Bhatt, and Honey Patel. Transliterated Search using Syllabification Approach. In Working Notes of the Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2013), New Delhi, India, 2013. find
- Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, and Tomas Mikolov. Bag of Tricks for Efficient Text Classification. In Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2017), volume 2, pages 427–431, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- Pierre Jourlin. Entity Recognition and Language Identification with FELTS. In Linda Cappellato, Nicola Ferro, Lorraine Goeuriot, and Thomas Mandl, editors, Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and Workshop, Dublin, Ireland, September 2017. CEUR-WS.org. URL http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1866/. ↗
- P. Juola. Language Identification, Automatic. In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, volume 6, pages 508—-510. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2006. find
- David Jurgens, Yulia Tsvetkov, and Dan Jurafsky. Incorporating Dialectal Variability for Socially Equitable Language Identification. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Short Papers), volume 2, pages 51–57, Vancouver, Canada, 2017. find
- Said Kadri and Abdelouahab Moussaoui. An Effective Method to Recognize the Language of a Text in a Collection of Multilingual Documents. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics, Computer and Computation (ICECCO 2013), pages 208–211, Ankara, Turkey, 2013. find
- Slava M. Katz. Estimation of Probabilities from Sparse Data for the Language Model Component of a Speech Recognizer. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ASSP-35(3):400–401, March 1987. find
- Thomas Kerwin. Classification of Natural Language Based on Character Frequency. Ohio Supercomputer Center, 2006. find
- Guillaume Kheng, Laporte Léa, and Michael Granitzer. INSA LYON and UNI PASSAU’s participation at PAN@CLEF’17: Author Profiling task - Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Linda Cappellato, Nicola Ferro, Lorraine Goeuriot, and Thomas Mandl, editors, Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and… find
- Gen-Itiro Kikui. Identifying the Coding System and Language of Online Documents on the Internet. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING ’96), pages 652–657, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996. find
- Seungbeom Kim and Jongsoo Park. Automatic Detection of Character Encoding and Language. Technical report, Stanford University, 2007. find
- Ben King and Steven Abney. Labeling the Languages of Words in Mixed-Language Documents using Weakly Supervised Methods. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pages 1110–1119, Atlanta, USA, Ju… find
- Ben King, Dragomir Radev, and Steven Abney. Experiments in Sentence Language Identification with Groups of Similar Languages. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying NLP Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 146–154, Dublin, Ireland, 2014a. find
- Josh King and Jon Dehdari. An N-gram Based Language Identification System. The Ohio State University, 2008. find
- Levi King, Eric Baucom, Timur Gilmanov, Sandra Kübler, Daniel Whyatt, Wolfgang Maier, and Paul Rodrigues. The IUCL+ System: Word-Level Language Identification via Extended Markov Models. In Proceedings of The First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 102–106, Doha, Qatar,… find
- Levi King, Sandra Kübler, and Wallace Hooper. Word-level language identification in The Chymistry of Isaac Newton. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 30(4):532–540, 2015. find
- Tom Kocmi and Ondr̆ej Bojar. LanideNN: Multilingual Language Identification on Character Window. In Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Long Papers, volume 1, pages 927–936, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- Don Kodiyan, Florin Hardegger, Stephan Neuhaus, and Mark Cieliebak. Author Profiling with Bidirectional RNNs using Attention with GRUs - Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Linda Cappellato, Nicola Ferro, Lorraine Goeuriot, and Thomas Mandl, editors, Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs a… find
- Stasinos Konstantopoulos. What’s in a Name? In Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP-07), Borovets, Bulgaria, 2007. find
- Anett Kralisch and Thomas Mandl. Barriers to Information Access Across Languages on the Internet: Network and Language Effects. In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, volume 3, page 54b, Kauai, USA, 2006. find
- Canasai Kruengkrai, Prapass Srichaivattana, Virach Sornlertlamvanich, and Hitoshi Isahara. Language identification based on string kernels. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT-2005), volume 2, pages 896–899, Beijing, China, 2005. find
- Stan Kulikowski. Language Identification of Short Texts. Newsgroup article, Educational Research and Development Center, The University of West Florida, 1991. find
- Rahul Venkatesh RM Kumar, Anand M Kumar, and KP Soman. AmritaCEN NLP @ FIRE 2015 Language Identification for Indian Languages in Social Media Text. In Working Notes of the Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2015), pages 28–30, Gandhinagar, India, 2015. find
- Gustavo Laboreiro, Matko Bošnjak, Luı́s Sarmento, Eduarda Mendes Rodrigues, and Eugénio Oliveira. Determining Language Variant in Microblog Messages. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC’13), pages 902–907, Coimbra, Portugal, 2013. find
- John D. Lafferty, Andrew McCallum, and Fernando C. N. Pereira. Conditional Random Fields: Probabilistic Models for Segmenting and Labeling Sequence Data. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML ’01, pages 282– 289, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2001. Morgan Kauf… find
- Priyadarshini Lamabam and Kunal Chakma. A Language Identification System for Code-Mixed English-Manipuri Social Media Text. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICETECH 2016), pages 79–83, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, 2016. find
- Stefan Langer. Natural Languages and the World Wide Web. Bulletin de Linguistique Appliquée et Générale (BULAG), 26:89–100, 2001. find
- Sebastian Leidig. Single and Combined Features for the Detection of Anglicisms in German and Afrikaans. Bachelor’s Thesis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 2014. find
- William D Lewis and Fei Xia. Developing ODIN: A Multilingual Repository of Annotated Language Data for Hundreds of the World’s Languages. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 25(3):303–319, 2010. find
- Shanjian Li and Katsuhiko Momoi. A Composite Approach to Language/Encoding Detection. In Nineteenth International Unicode Conference (IUC19), San Jose, California, USA, 2001. find
- Yitong Li, Trevor Cohn, and Timothy Baldwin. What’s in a domain? learning domain-robust text representations using adversarial training. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics — Human Language Technologies (NAACL HLT 2018)… find
- Chu-Cheng Lin, Waleed Ammar, Lori Levin, and Chris Dyer. The CMU Submission for the Shared Task on Language Identification in Code-Switched Data. In Proceedings of First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 80–86, Doha, Qatar, 2014. find
- Dekang Lin. An Information-Theoretic Definition of Similarity. In Jude W. Shavlik, editor, Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-98), pages 296–304, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 1998. find
- Yoseph Linde, Andrés Buzo, and Robert M. Gray. An Algorithm for Vector Quantizer Design. IEEE Transactions on Communications, COM-28(1):84–95, 1980. find
- Wang Ling, Guang Xiang, Chris Dyer, Alan Black, and Isabel Trancoso. Microblogs as Parallel Corpora. In Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 176–186, Sofia, Bulgaria, August 2013. find
- Rafael Dueire Lins and Paulo Jr. Gonçalves. Automatic Language Identification of Written Texts. In Proceedings of the 2004 ACM symposium on Applied Computing (SAC 2004), pages 1128–1133, Nicosia, Cyprus, 2004. find
- Nick Littlestone. Learning Quickly When Irrelevant Attributes Abound: A New Linear-threshold Algorithm. Machine learning, 2(4):285–318, 1987. find
- Nikola Ljubešić and Denis Kranjcić. Discriminating between VERY Similar Languages among Twitter Users. In Proceedings of the 9th Language Technologies Conference, pages 90–94, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2014. find
- Nikola Ljubešić and Denis Kranjcić. Discriminating Between Closely Related Languages on Twitter. Informatica, 39, 2015. find
- Nikola Ljubešić, Nives Mikelić, and Damir Boras. Language Identification: How to Distinguish Similar Languages? In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Information Technology Interfaces (ITI 2007), pages 541–546, Cavtat/Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2007. find
- Man Lu and Moustafa Mohamed. LAHGA: Arabic Dialect Classifier. Unpublished Report. December 2011. find
- Yevgeny Ludovik and Ron Zacharski. Multilingual Document Language Recognition for Creating Corpora. Technical report, New Mexico State University, 1999. find
- Marco Lui. Generalized Language Identification. PhD thesis, The University of Melbourne, 2014. find
- Marco Lui and Timothy Baldwin. Cross-domain Feature Selection for Language Identification. In Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP 2011), volume 1, pages 553—-561, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2011. find
- Marco Lui and Timothy Baldwin. langid.py: An Off-the-shelf Language Identification Tool. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2012) Demo Session, pages 25–30, Jeju, Republic of Korea, 2012. find our card
- Marco Lui and Timothy Baldwin. Accurate Language Identification of Twitter Messages. In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Language Analysis for Social Media (LASM), pages 17–25, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2014. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Marco Lui and Paul Cook. Classifying English Documents by National Dialect. In Proceedings of Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 (ALTA 2013), pages 5–15, Brisbane, Australia, December 2013. find
- Marco Lui, Jey Han Lau, and Timothy Baldwin. Automatic Detection and Language Identification of Multilingual Documents. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2:27–40, 2014a. ISSN 2307-387X. URL https://tacl2013.cs.columbia.edu/ojs/index.php/tacl/article/view/86. ↗
- Marco Lui, Ned Letcher, Oliver Adams, Long Duong, Paul Cook, and Timothy Baldwin. Exploring Methods and Resources for Discriminating Similar Languages. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying NLP Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 129–138, Dublin, Ireland, August 2014… find
- Shane MacNamara, Pádraig Cunningham, and John Byrne. Neural Networks for Language Identification: a Comparative Study. Information processing and management, 34(4): 395–403, 1998. find
- Wolfgang Maier and Carlos Gómez-Rodrı́guez. Language Variety Identification in Spanish Tweets. In Proceedings of the EMNLP’2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants (LT4CloseLang 2014), pages 25–35, Doha, Qatar, October 2014. Association for Computatio… find
- Martin Majliš. Large Multilingual Corpus. Master’s thesis, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 2011. find
- Martin Majliš. Yet Another Language Identifier. In Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 46–54, Avignon, France, 2012. find
- Shervin Malmasi. Open-Set Language Identification. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1707.04817, 2017. — [arXiv:1707.04817](https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.04817) find
- Shervin Malmasi and Mark Dras. Automatic Language Identification for Persian and Dari Texts. In Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics, PACLING’15, pages 59–64, Bali, Indonesia, 2015a. find
- Shervin Malmasi and Mark Dras. Language Identification using Classifier Ensembles. In Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects, LT4VarDial’15, pages 35–43, Hissar, Bulgaria, 2015b. find
- Shervin Malmasi and Mark Dras. Feature Hashing for Language and Dialect Identification. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Short Papers), pages 399–403, Vancouver, Canada, 2017. find
- Shervin Malmasi and Marcos Zampieri. Arabic Dialect Identification in Speech Transcripts. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 106–113, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Shervin Malmasi and Marcos Zampieri. German Dialect Identification in Interview Transcriptions. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 164–169, Valencia, Spain, 2017a. find
- Shervin Malmasi and Marcos Zampieri. Arabic Dialect Identification Using iVectors and ASR Transcripts. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 178–183, Valencia, Spain, 2017b. find
- Shervin Malmasi, Eshrag Refaee, and Mark Dras. Arabic Dialect Identification using a Parallel Multidialectal Corpus. In Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics, PACLING’15, pages 209–217, Bali, Indonesia, 2015. find
- Shervin Malmasi, Marcos Zampieri, Nikola Ljubešić, Preslav Nakov, Ahmed Ali, and Jörg Tiedemann. Discriminating Between Similar Languages and Arabic Dialect Identification: A Report on the Third DSL Shared Task. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dial… find our card
- Soumik Mandal, Somnath Banerjee, Sudip Kumar Naskar, Paolo Rosso, and Sivaji Bandyopadhyay. Adaptive Voting in Multiple Classifier Systems for Word Level Language Identification. In Working Notes of the Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2015), pages 49–52, Gandhinagar, India, 2015. find
- Thomas Mandl, Margaryta Shramko, Olga Tartakovski, and Christa Womser-Hacker. Language Identification in Multi-lingual Web-Documents. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB 2006), pages 153–163, Klagenfurt, Austria, 2006. find
- Jean-Christophe Marcadet, Volker Fischer, and Claire Waast-Richard. A Transformation-based Learning Approach to Language Identification for Mixed-lingual Text-to-speech Synthesis. In Proceedings of the 6th Interspeech and 9th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (EUROSPEECH), p… find
- Mitchell P. Marcus, Beatrice Santorini, and Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz. Building a large annotated corpus of English: The Penn Treebank. Computational Linguistics, 19(2): 313–330, 1993. find our card
- Ilia Markov, Helena Gómez-Adorno, and Grigori Sidorov. Language- and Subtask-Dependent Feature Selection and Classifier Parameter Tuning for Author Profiling— Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and Workshop, Dublin, Ireland, 2017. find
- Puji Martadinata, Bayu Distiawan Trisedya, Hisar Maruli Manurung, and Mirna Adriani. Building Indonesian Local Language Detection Tools Using Wikipedia Data. In Yohei Murakami and Donghui Lin, editors, Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure, pages 113–123. Springer, 2016. find
- Matej Martinc, Iza Škrjanec, Katja Zupan, and Senja Pollak. PAN 2017: Author Profiling - Gender and Language Variety Prediction—Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and Workshop, Dublin, Ireland, 2017. find
- Bruno Martins and Mário J. Silva. Language Identification in Web Pages. In Proceedings of the 2005 ACM symposium on Applied computing, pages 764–768, Santa Fe, USA, 2005. find
- Laura A. Mather. A Linear Algebra Approach to Language Identification. In E. V. Munson, editor, Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop Principles of Digital Document Processing (PODDP’98), pages 92–103, Saint Malo, France, 1998. find
- Priyank Mathur, Arkajyoti Misra, and Emrah Budur. LIDE: Language Identification from Text Documents. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1701.03682, 2017. — [arXiv:1701.03682](https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.03682) find
- Uwe F. Mayer. Bootstrapped Language Identification for Multi-site Internet Domains. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD 2012), pages 579–585, Beijing, China, 2012. find
- Paul McNamee. Language Identification: A Solved Problem Suitable for Undergraduate Instruction. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 20(3):94–101, 2005. find
- Paul McNamee. Language and Dialect Discrimination Using Compression-Inspired Language Models. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 195–203, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Maria Medvedeva, Martin Kroon, and Barbara Plank. When Sparse Traditional Models Outperform Dense Neural Networks: the Curious Case of Discriminating between Similar Languages. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 156–163, Valencia, Spain,… find
- Iosu Mendizabal, Jeroni Carandell, and Daniel Horowitz. TweetSafa: Tweet Language Identification. In Proceedings of the Tweet Language Identification Workshop 2014 co-located with 30th Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2014), pages 21–25, Girona, Spain, 2014. find
- Ismael Mendoza and Julia Mendelsohn. Exploring Techniques in Distinguishing Similar Languages. Stanford course project, 2017. find
- Tomas Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Dean Jeffrey. Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space. arXiv:1301.3781 [cs.CL], 2013. find
- Rachel Mary Milne, Richard A. O’Keefe, and Andrew Trotman. A study in Language Identification. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Australasian Document Computing Symposium, pages 88–95, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2012. find
- Akshay Minocha and Francis M. Tyers. Subsegmental Language Detection in Celtic Language Text. In Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Techonology Workshop (CLTW 2014), pages 76–80, Dublin, Ireland, 2014. find
- Yasuhide Miura, Tomoki Taniguchi, Motoki Taniguchi, Shotaro Misawa, and Tomoko Ohkuma. Using Social Networks to Improve Language Variety Identification with Neural Networks. In Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, pages 263–270, Taipei, Taiwan, 2017. find
- Serguei A. Mokhov. Complete Complimentary Results Report of the MARF’s NLP Approach to the DEFT 2010 Competition. CoRR, abs/1006.3787, 2010a. — [arXiv:1006.3787](https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.3787) find
- Serguei A Mokhov. A MARF Approach to DEFT 2010. In Proceedings of the 6th DEFT Workshop (DEFT’10), pages 35–49, 2010b. find
- Giovanni Molina, Nicolas Rey-Villamizar, Thamar Solorio, Fahad AlGhamdi, Mahmoud Ghoneim, Abdelati Hawwari, and Mona Diab. Overview for the Second Shared Task on Language Identification in Code-Switched Data. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages… find
- Avashlin Moodley. Language Identification With Decision Trees: Identification Of Individual Words In The South African Languages. Bachelor’s Thesis, University of South Africa, 2016. find
- Abhinav Mukherjee, Anirudh Ravi, and Kaustav Datta. Mixed-script Query Labelling Using Supervised Learning and Ad Hoc Retrieval Using Sub Word Indexing. In FIRE ’14 Proceedings of the Forum for Information Retrieval, pages 86–90, Bangalore, India, 2014. find
- Kavi Narayana Murthy and G. Bharadwaja Kumar. Language Identification from Small Text Samples. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 13(1):57–80, January 2006. find
- Seppo Mustonen. Multiple Discriminant Analysis in Linguistic Problems. Statistical Methods in Linguistics, 4:37–44, 1965. find
- Yeshwant K Muthusamy and A Lawrence Spitz. Automatic Language Identification. In Ronald Cole, Joseph Mariani, Hans Uszkoreit, Giovanni Battista Varile, Annie Zaenen, Antonio Zampolli, and Victor Zue, editors, Web Edition: Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology, pages 314–317. Ca… find
- Yukio Nakamura. Identification of Languages with Short Sample Texts – A Linguometric Study. Library and information science, 9:459–481, 1971. find
- Choon-Ching Ng and Ali Selamat. Improved Letter Weighting Feature Selection on Arabic Script Language Identification. In Proceedings of the 1st Asian Conference on Intelligent Information and Database Systems (ACIIDS 2009), pages 150–154, Dong Hoi, Vietnam, 2009. IEEE. find
- Dong Nguyen and Leonie Cornips. Automatic Detection of Intra-Word Code-Switching. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual SIGMORPHON Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology, pages 82–86, Berlin, Germany, 2016. find
- Dong Nguyen and A. Seza Dogruöz. Word Level Language Identification in Online Multilingual Communication. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2013), pages 857–862, Seattle, USA, 2013. find
- Shiho Nobesawa and Ikuo Tahara. Language Identification for Person Names Based on Statistical Information. In Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation (PACLIC 19), number 1027 in Y05, Taipei, Taiwan, December 2005. find
- Norzaidah Md Noh, Mohd Rusydi Abdul Talib, Azlin Ahmad, Shamimi A. Halim, and Azlinah Mohamed. Malay Language Document Identification Using BPNN. In Nikos E. Mastorakis, Anca Croitoru, Valentina Emilia Balas, Eduard Son, and Valeri Mladenov, editors, Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS international confe… find
- Daisuke Okanohara and Jun’ichi Tsujii. Text Categorization with All Substring Features. In Proceedings of the 2009 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, pages 838–846, Miami, USA, 2009. find
- Rodrigo Ribeiro Oliveira and Rosalvo Ferreira de Oliveira Neto. Using Character N-grams and Style Features for Gender and Language Variety Classification – Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Linda Cappellato, Nicola Ferro, Lorraine Goeuriot, and Thomas Mandl, editors, Working Notes Papers of CLEF 201… find
- Gorkem Ozbek, Itamar Rosenn, and Eric Yeh. Language Classification in Multilingual Documents. Technical report, Stanford University, 2006. find
- Leonid Panich. Comparison of Language Identification Techniques. Bachelor’s Thesis, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, 2015. find
- Evangelos E. Papalexakis, Dong Nguyen, and A. Seza Dogruöz. Predicting Code-Switching in Multilingual Communication for Immigrant Communities. In Proceedings of The First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 42–50, Doha, Qatar, 2014. find
- Kosuru Pavan, Niket Tandon, and Vasudeva Varma. Addressing Challenges in Automatic Language Identification of Romanized Text. In Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON-2010), Kharagpur, India, 2010. find
- Timo Pawelka and Elmar Jürgens. Is This Code Written in English? A Study of the Natural Language of Comments and Identifiers in Practice. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME), Bremen, Germany, 2015. find
- Yves Peirsman, Dirk Geeraerts, and Dirk Speelman. The Automatic Identification of Lexical Variation Between Language Varieties. Natural Language Engineering, 16(04):469–491, October 2010. find
- Fuchun Peng and Dale Schuurmans. Combining Naive Bayes and n-Gram Language Models for Text Classification. In Proceedings of the 25th European Conference on IR Research, Advances in Information Retrieval: (ECIR 2003), pages 335–350, Pisa, Italy, 2003. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-36618… — [doi:10.1007/3-540-36618-0\](https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36618-0\) find
- Fuchun Peng, Fangfang Feng, and Andrew McCallum. Chinese Segmentation and New Word Detection Using Conditional Random Fields. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2004), pages 562–568, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. find
- Gergely Pethö and Eszter Mózes. An N-gram-based Language Identification Algorithm for Variable-length and Variable-language Texts. Argumentum, 10:56–82, 2014. find
- Tuan Pham and Dat Tran. VQ-based Written Language Identification. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications (ISSPA 2003), volume 1, pages 513–516, Paris, France, 2003. find
- Wikus Pienaar and Dirk Snyman. Spelling Checker-based Language Identification for the Eleven Official South African Languages. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pages 213–217, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2010. find
- Mario Piergallini, Rouzbeh Shirvani, Gauri S. Gautam, and Mohamed Chouikha. Word-Level Language Identification and Predicting Codeswitching Points in Swahili-English Language Data. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 21–29, Austin, TX, USA, 2016… find
- Mario Piergallini, Rouzbeh Shirvani, Gauri S. Gautam, and Mohamed Chouikha. The Howard University System Submission for the Shared Task in Language Identification in Spanish-English Codeswitching. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 116–120, Aus… find
- Ferran Pla and Lluı́s-F. Hurtado. Language Identification in Twitter: A Study Case of Multiclass and Multilabel Text Classification Problem. International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Applications, 6(1):135–150, 2015. find
- Ferran Pla and Lluı́s-F. Hurtado. Language Identification of Multilingual Posts from Twitter: A Case Study. Knowledge and Information Systems, 51(3):965–989, 2017. find
- Sergi Plaza Cagigós. Catdetect, a framework for detecting Catalan tweets. Bachelor thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. find
- Jordi Porta. Twitter Language Identification using Rational Kernels and its Potential Application to Sociolinguistics. In Proceedings of the Tweet Language Identification Workshop 2014 co-located with 30th Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2014), pages 17–20, G… find
- Jordi Porta and José-Luis Sancho. Using Maximum Entropy Models to Discriminate between Similar Languages and Varieties. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying NLP Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 120–128, Dublin, Ireland, 2014. find
- Adam Poulston, Zeerak Waseem, and Mark Stevenson. Using TF-ID n-gram and Word Embedding Cluster Ensembles for Author Profiling – Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Linda Cappellato, Nicola Ferro, Lorraine Goeuriot, and Thomas Mandl, editors, Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and Works… find
- Arjen Poutsma. Applying Monte Carlo Techniques to Language Identification. Language and Computers, 45(1):179–189, 2002. find
- John M. Prager. Linguini: Language Identification for Multilingual Documents. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS-32), Maui, USA, 1999. find
- M. A. Nejla Qafmolla. Automatic Language Identification. European Journal of Language and Literature Studies, 7(1):140–150, 2017. find
- Shenglan Qiao and Daniel Lévy. Similar Language Detection. Stanford University, 2015. find
- Will Radford and Matthias Gallé. Discriminating Between Similar Languages in Twitter Using Label Propagation. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1607.05408, 2016. — [arXiv:1607.05408](https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.05408) find
- K. A. Rafidha Rehiman, A. S. Keerthy, K. S. Lakshmi, and A. Sreekumar. A Language Identification and Conversion System for Malayalam to Ensure Security. In 3rd National Conference on Indian Language Computing (NCILC 2013), Cochin, Kerala, India, 2013. find
- Khyathi C. Raghavi, Manoj Chinnakotla, and Manish Shrivastava. “Answer ka type kya he?” Learning to Classify Questions in Code-Mixed Language. In WWW’15 Companion Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web, pages 853–858, Florence, Italy, 2015. find
- Abhinav Raj and Sankha Karfa. A List-searching Based Approach for Language Identification in Bilingual Text: Shared Task Report by Asterisk. In Working Notes of the Shared Task on Transliterated Search at Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation FIRE ’14, Bangalore, India, 2014. find
- Carlos Ramisch. N-gram Models for Language Detection. Technical Report, 2008. find
- Bali Ranaivo-Malançon. Automatic Identification of Close Languages – Case study: Malay and Indonesian. ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology, 2(2): 126–134, 2006. find
- Bali Ranaivo-Malançon and Pek Kuan Ng. Language Identifier for Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 1st Malaysian Software Engineering Conference (MySEC’05), pages 257–259, Penang, Maylaysia, 2005. find
- Francisco Rangel, Marc Franco-Salvador, and Paolo Rosso. A Low Dimensionality Representation for Language Variety Identification. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing (CICLING), 2017a. find
- Francisco Rangel, Paolo Rosso, Martin Potthast, and Benno Stein. Overview of the 5th Author Profiling Task at PAN 2017: Gender and Language Variety Identification in Twitter. In Linda Cappellato, Nicola Ferro, Lorraine Goeuriot, and Thomas Mandl, editors, Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation… find
- Prakash Ranjan, Bharathi Raja, Ruba Priyadharshini, and Rakesh Chandra Balabantaray. A Comparative Study on Code-Mixed Data of Indian Social Media vs Formal Text. In S. K. Niranjan and V. N. Manjunatha Aradhya, editors, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Computing and In… find
- Morton David Rau. Language Identification by Statistical Analysis. Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 1974. find
- Radim Rehůřek and Milan Kolkus. Language Identification on the Web: Extending the Dictionary Method. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics (CICLing-2009), pages 357–368, Mexico City, Mexico, 2009. find
- Matthew Richardson and Pedro Domingos. Markov logic networks. Machine Learning, 62: 107–136, 2006. find
- Shruti Rijhwani, Royal Sequeira, Monojit Choudhury, Kalika Bali, and Chandra Sekhar Maddila. Estimating Code-Switching on Twitter with a Novel Generalized Word-Level Language Detection Technique. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 1971–1… find
- Paul Rodrigues. Processing Highly Variant Language Using Incremental Model Selection. PhD thesis, Indiana University, 2012. find
- Harald Romsdorfer and Beat Pfister. Text Analysis and Language Identification for Polyglot Text-to-speech Synthesis. Speech communication, 49(9):697–724, 2007. find
- Mike Rosner and Paulseph-John Farrugia. A Tagging Algorithm for Mixed Language Identification in a Noisy Domain. In INTERSPEECH-2007, 8th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, pages 190–193, Antwerp, Belgium, 2007. find
- Neil C. Rowe, Riqui Schwamm, and Simson L Garfinkel. Language Translation for File Paths. Digital Investigation, 10, 2013. find
- Rishiraj Saha Roy, Monojit Choudhury, Prasenjit Majumder, and Komal Agarwal. Overview of the FIRE 2013 Track on Transliterated Search. In Prasenjit Majumder, Mandar Mitra, Maghulika Agrawal, and Parth Mehta, editors, Proceedings of the 5th Forum on Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE ’13), New De… find
- Graham Russell and Guy Lapalme. Automatic Identification of Language and Encoding. Technical report, Laboratoire de Recherche Appliquée en Linguistique Informatique (RALI), Université de Montréal, 2003. find
- Fatiha Sadat, Farnazeh Kazemi, and Atefeh Farzindar. Automatic Identification of Arabic Language Varieties and Dialects in Social Media. In Shou-de Lin, Lun-Wei Ku, Erik Cambria, and Tsung-Ting Kuo, editors, Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media (SocialNL… find
- Fatiha Sadat, Farnazeh Kazemi, and Atefeh Farzindar. Automatic Identification of Arabic Dialects in Social Media. In Proceedings of the first international workshop on Social media retrieval and analysis (SoMeRA 2014), pages 35–40, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia, 2014b. ACM. find
- Navanath Saharia. Phone-based Identification of Language in Code-mixed Social Network Data. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 20(4):565–574, 2017. find
- Wael Salloum, Heba Elfardy, Linda Alamir-Salloum, Nizar Habash, and Mona Diab. Sentence Level Dialect Identification for Machine Translation System Selection. In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers), pages 772–778, Baltimore… find
- Younes Samih. Dialectal Arabic Processing Using Deep Learning. PhD thesis, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany, 2017. find
- Younes Samih and Wolfgang Maier. Detecting Code-Switching in Moroccan Arabic Social Media. In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media (SocialNLP 2016 IJCAI), New York City, USA, 2016. find
- Younes Samih, Suraj Maharjan, Mohammed Attia, Laura Kallmeyer, and Thamar Solorio. Multilingual Code-switching Identification via LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 50–59, Austin, TX, USA, 2016. find
- Miguel A. Sanchez-Perez, Ilia Markov, Helena Gómez-Adorno, and Sidorov Grigori. Comparison of Character N-grams and Lexical Features on Author, Gender, and Language Variety Identification on the Same Spanish News Corpus. In Gareth J. F. Jones, Séamus Lawless, Julio Gonzalo, Liadh Kelly, Lorraine G… find
- Kevin P Scannell. The Crúbadán Project: Corpus Building for Under-resourced Languages. In Building and Exploring Web Corpora: Proceedings of the 3rd Web as Corpus Workshop, pages 5–15, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 2007. find
- Nils Schaetti. UniNE at CLEF 2017: TF-IDF and Deep-Learning for Author Profiling - Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Linda Cappellato, Nicola Ferro, Lorraine Goeuriot, and Thomas Mandl, editors, Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and Workshop, Dublin, Ireland, September 2017. CEUR-WS.… find
- Yves Scherrer and Owen Rambow. Word-based Dialect Identification with Georeferenced Rules. In Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2010), pages 1151–1161, Massachusetts, USA, 2010. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Sarah Schulz and Mareike Keller. Code-Switching Ubique Est - Language Identification and Part-of-Speech Tagging for Historical Mixed Text. In Proceedings of the 10th SIGHUM Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities (LaTeCH 2016), pages 43–51, Berlin, Germ… find
- Fabrizio Sebastiani. Machine Learning in Automated Text Categorization. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 34(1):1–47, 2002. find
- Frank Seifart and Roger Mundry. Quantitative Comparative Linguistics based on Tiny Corpora: N-gram Language Identification of Wordlists of Known and Unknown Languages from Amazonia and Beyond. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 22(3), 2015. find
- Ali Selamat and Nicholas Akosu. Word-length Algorithm for Language Identification of Under-resourced Languages. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 28:457–469, 2016. find
- Ali Selamat and Choon-Ching Ng. Arabic Script Documents Language Identifications Using Fuzzy ART. In David Al-Dabass, Steve Turner, Gary Tan, and Ajith Abraham, editors, Proceedings of the Second Asia International Conference on Modeling & Simulation (AMS 2008), pages 528–533, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia… find
- Ali Selamat, Choon-Ching Ng, and Yoshiki Mikami. Arabic Script Web Documents Language Identification Using Decision Tree-ARTMAP Model. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Convergence Information Technology (ICCIT 2007), pages 717–722, Gyeongju, Korea, 2007. IEEE. find
- Royal Sequeira, Monojit Choudhury, Parth Gupta, Paolo Rosso, Shubham Kumar, Somnath Banerjee, Sudip Kumar Naskar, Sivaji Bandyopadhyay, Gokul Chittaranjan, Amitava Das, and Kunal Chakma. Overview of FIRE-2015 Shared Task on Mixed Script Information Retrieval. In Working Notes of the Forum for Inform… find
- Saatvik Shah, Vaibhav Jain, Sarthak Jain, Anshul Mittal, Jatin Verma, Shubham Tripathi, and Dr. Rajesh Kumar. Hierarchical classification for Multilingual Language Identification and Named Entity Recognition. In Working Notes of the Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2015), pages 21–27… find
- H. L. Shashirekha. Automatic Language Identification from Written Texts - An Overview. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 2(5):156–160, 2014. find
- Karen Shiells and Peter Pham. Unsupervised Clustering for Language Identification. Project Report, Stanford University, 2010. find
- Prajwol Shrestha. Incremental N-gram Approach for Language Identification in Code-Switched Text. In Proceedings of The First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 133–138, Doha, Qatar, 2014. find
- Prajwol Shrestha. Codeswitching Detection via Lexical Features using Conditional Random Fields. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 121–126, Austin, TX, USA, 2016. find
- Penelope Sibun and Jeffrey C. Reynar. Language Identification: Examining the Issues. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium on Document Analysis and Information Retrieval (SDAIR-96), pages 125–135, Las Vegas, USA, 1996. find
- Sebastian Sierra, Manuel Montes-y Gómez, Thamar Solorio, and Fabio A. González. Convolutional Neural Networks for Author Profiling—Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Linda Cappellato, Nicola Ferro, Lorraine Goeuriot, and Thomas Mandl, editors, Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and W… find
- Utpal Kumar Sikdar and Björn Gambäck. Language Identification in Code-Switched Text Using Conditional Random Fields and Babelnet. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 127–131, Austin, TX, USA, 2016. find
- Vasiliki Simaki, Panagiotis Simakis, Carita Paradis, and Andreas Kerren. Identifying the Authors’ National Variety of English in Social Media Texts. In Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2017), pages 671–678, Varna, Bulgaria, September 2… find
- Alberto Simões, José João Almeida, and Simon D. Byers. Language Identification: a Neural Network Approach. In Maria João Varanda Pereira, José Paulo Leal, and Alberto Simões, editors, Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2014), pages 251–265, Brag… find
- Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig, editors. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition. SIL International, Dallas, USA, 2017. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com. ↗
- Anil Kumar Singh. Study of Some Distance Measures for Language and Encoding Identification. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances, pages 63–72, Sydney, Australia, July 2006. find
- Anil Kumar Singh. Modeling and Application of Linguistic Similarity. PhD thesis, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, 2010. find
- Anil Kumar Singh and Jagadeesh Gorla. Identification of Languages and Encodings in a Multilingual Document. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACL SIGWAC Workshop on Web As Corpus (WAC3-2007), pages 95–108, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 2007. find
- Anil Kumar Singh and Pratya Goyal. A Language Identification Method Applied to Twitter Data. In Proceedings of the Tweet Language Identification Workshop 2014 co-located with 30th Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2014), pages 26–29, Girona, Spain, 2014. find
- Navneet Sinha and Gowri Srinivasa. Hindi-English Language Identification, Named Entity Recognition and Back Transliteration: Shared Task System Description. In Working Notes os Shared Task on Transliterated Search at Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation FIRE ’14, Bangalore, India, 2014. find
- Thamar Solorio, Elizabeth Blair, Suraj Maharjan, Steven Bethard, Mona Diab, Mahmoud Gohneim, Abdelati Hawwari, Fahad AlGhamdi, Julia Hirschberg, Alison Chang, and Pascale Fung. Overview for the First Shared Task on Language Identification in Code-Switched Data. In Proceedings of The First Workshop o… find
- Clive Souter, Gavin Churcher, Judith Hayes, John Hughes, and Stephen Johnson. Natural Language Identification using Corpus-Based Models. Hermes, Journal of Linguistics, 13: 183–203, 1994. find
- Aleksander Stensby, B. John Oommen, and Ole-Christoffer Granmo. Language Detection and Tracking in Multilingual Documents Using Weak Estimators. In Proceedings of the Joint IAPR International Workshop Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition (SSPR&SPR 2010), pages 600–609, Cesme, I… find
- Erik Sterneberg. Language Identification of Person Names Using Cascaded SVMs. Bachelor’s Thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 2012. find
- Marija Stupar, Tereza Jurić, and Nikola Ljubešić. Language Identification of Web Data for Building Linguistic Corpora. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on The Future of Information Sciences (INFuture 2011), pages 365–372, Zagreb, Croatia, 2011. find
- Izumi Suzuki, Yoshiki Mikami, Ario Ohsato, and Yoshihide Chubachi. A Language and Character Set Determination Method Based on n-gram Statistics. ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP), 1(3):269–278, September 2002. find
- Hidayet Takçı and Ekin Ekinci. Minimal Feature Set in Language Identification and Finding Suitable Classification Method with it. Procedia Technology, 1:444–448, January 2012. find
- Hidayet Takçı and Tunga Güngör. A High Performance Centroid-based Classification Approach for Language Identification. Pattern Recognition Letters, 33(16):2077–2084, December 2012. find
- Liling Tan, Marcos Zampieri, Nikola Ljubešić, and Jörg Tiedemann. Merging Comparable Data Sources for the Discrimination of Similar Languages: The DSL Corpus Collection. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora (BUCC), Reykjavik, Iceland, 2014. find
- William John Teahan. Text Classification and Segmentation Using Minimum Cross-Entropy. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference Recherche d’Information Assistee par Ordinateur (RIAO’00), pages 943–961, Paris, France, 2000. find
- Eric S. Tellez, Sabino Miranda-Jiménez, Mario Graff, and Daniela Moctezuma. Gender and Language-variety Identification with MicroTC – Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017. In Linda Cappellato, Nicola Ferro, Lorraine Goeuriot, and Thomas Mandl, editors, Working Notes Papers of CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and… find
- Samuel Thomas and Ashish Verma. Language Identification of Person Names using CF-IOF based Weighing Function. In 8th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (INTERSPEECH 2007), pages 1769–1772, Antwerp, Belgium, 2007. find
- Jilei Tian and Janne Suontausta. Scalable Neural Network Based Language Identification from Written Text. In Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP ’03), volume 1, pages 48–51, Hong Kong, 2003. find
- Jilei Tian, Juha Häkkinen, Søren Riis, and Kåre Jean Jensen. On Text-based Language Identification for Multilingual Speech Recognition Systems. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP2002), Denver, Colorado, USA, 2002. find
- Jörg Tiedemann and Nikola Ljubešić. Efficient Discrimination Between Closely Related Languages. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2012), pages 2619–2634, Mumbai, India, 2012. find
- Christoph Tillmann, Yaser Al-Onaizan, and Saab Mansour. Improved Sentence-Level Arabic Dialect Classification. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying NLP Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 110–119, Dublin, Ireland, 2014. find
- Andrija Tomović and Predrag Janičić. A Variant of N-Gram Based Language Classification. In Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence and Human-Oriented Computing (AI* IA 2007), pages 410–421, Rome, Italy, 2007. find
- Dat Tran and Dharmendra Sharma. Markov Models for Written Language Identification. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Neural Information Processing, pages 67–70, Taipei, Taiwan, 2005. find
- Giang Binh Tran, Dat Ba Nguyen, and Bin Thanh Kieu. n-gram based approach for multilingual language identification. Poster. available at http://comp.mq.edu.au/programming/task\_description/VILangTek.pdf, 2010. ↗
- Stephen Tratz, Douglas Briesch, Jamal Laoudi, and Clare Voss. Tweet Conversation Annotation Tool with a Focus on an Arabic Dialect, Moroccan Darija. In Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop & Interoperability with Discourse, pages 135–139, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2013. find
- Stephen C. Tratz. Accurate Arabic Script Language/Dialect Classification. Technical report, Army Research Laboratory, 2014. find
- Dolf Trieschnigg, Djoerd Hiemstra, Mariët Theune, Franciska de Jong, and Theo Meder. An Exploration of Language Identification Techniques for the Dutch Folktale Database. In Proceedings of the LREC workshop Adaptation of Language Resources and Tools for Processing Cultural Heritage, pages 47–51, Is… find
- Erik Tromp and Mykola Pechenizkiy. Graph-Based N-gram Language Identification on Short Texts. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual Belgian Dutch Conference on Machine Learning (Benelearn 2011), pages 27–34, The Hague, Netherlands, 2011. find
- Yoshido Ueda and Seiichi Nakagawa. Prediction for Phoneme/Syllable/Word-Category and Identification of Language using HMM. In Proceedings of the 1990 International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, volume 2, volume 2, pages 1209–1212, Kobe, Japan, 1990. find
- Edvin Ullman. Shibboleth - A Multilingual Language Identifier. Master’s thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 2014. find
- Chris van der Lee and Antal van den Bosch. Exploring Lexical and Syntactic Features for Language Variety Identification. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 190–199, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- C. J. van Rijsbergen. Information Retrieval. Butterworths, London, UK, 1979. find
- Tommi Vatanen, Jaakko J. Väyrynen, and Sami Virpioja. Language Identification of Short Text Segments with N-gram Models. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2010), pages 3423–3430, Valletta, Malta, 2010. find
- Vinsensius Berlian Vega and Stéphane Bressan. Continuous-Learning Weighted-Trigram Approach for Indonesian Language Distinction: A Preliminary Study. In Proceedings of 19th International Conference on Computer Processing of Oriental Languages (ICCPOL 2001), Seoul, Korea, 2001a. Oriental Languages C… find
- Vinsensius Berlian Vega and Stéphane Bressan. Indexing the Indonesian Web: Language Identification and Miscellaneous Issues. In Poster Proceedings of the Tenth International World Wide Web Conference (WWW 10), Hong Kong, 2001b. find
- J. Vinosh Babu and S. Baskaran. Automatic Language Identification Using Multivariate Analysis. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics (CICLing-2005), pages 789–792, Mexico City, Mexico, 2005. find
- Tony Vitale. An Algorithm for High Accuracy Name Pronunciation by Parametric Speech Synthesizer. Computational Linguistics, 17(3):257–276, 1991. find
- John Vogel and David Tresner-Kirsch. Robust Language Identification in Short, Noisy Texts: Improvements to LIGA. In Martin Atzmueller and Hotho Andreas, editors, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Mining Ubiquitous and Social Environments (MUSE), pages 43–50, Bristol, UK, 2012. find
- Clare Voss, Stephen Tratz, Jamal Laoudi, and Douglas Briesch. Finding Romanized Arabic Dialect in Code-Mixed Tweets. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, ELRA, pages 188–199, Reykjavik, Iceland, 2014. find
- Ada Wan. Leveraging Data-Driven Methods in Word-Level Language Identification for a Multilingual Alpine Heritage Corpus. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual and Cross-lingual Methods in NLP, pages 45–54, San Diego, California, 2016. find
- Martin Wechsler, Sheridan Páraic, and Peter Schäuble. Multi-language Text Indexing for Internet Retrieval. In Proceeding RIAO’97 Computer-Assisted Information Searching on Internet, pages 217–232, Montreal, Canada, 1997. find
- Jennifer Williams and Charlie K. Dagli. Twitter Language Identification Of Similar Languages And Dialects Without Ground Truth. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 73–83, Valencia, Spain, 2017. find
- Gergely Windisch and László Csink. Language Identification Using Global Statistics of Natural Languages. In Proceedings of the 2nd Romanian-Hungarian Joint Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence (SACI), pages 243–255, Timisoara, Romania, 2005. find
- Samantha Wray. Classification of Closely Related Sub-dialects of Arabic Using Support-Vector Machines. In Proceedings of Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), Miyazaki, Japan, 2018. find
- Alexandros Xafopoulos, Constantine Kotropoulos, George Almpanidis, and Ioannis Pitas. Language Identification in Web Documents Using Discrete HMMs. Pattern Recognition, 37(3):583–594, 2004. find
- Fei Xia, William D. Lewis, and Hoifung Poon. Language ID in the Context of Harvesting Language Data off the Web. In +EACL2009, pages 870–878, Athens, Greece, 2009. find
- Fei Xia, Carrie Lewis, and William D. Lewis. The Problems of Language Identification within Hugely Multilingual Data Sets. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2010), pages 2790–2797, Valletta, Malta, 2010. find
- Meng Xuan Xia. Codeswitching Language Identification Using Subword Information Enriched Word Vectors. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pages 132–136, Austin, TX, USA, 2016. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Fan Xu, Mingwen Wang, and Maoxi Li. Sentence-level Dialects Identification in the Greater China Region. International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC), 5(6), December 2016. find
- Mohammad Ali Yaghan. “Arabizi”: A Contemporary Style of Arabic Slang. Design Issues, 24(2):39–52, 2008. find
- Hiroshi Yamaguchi and Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii. Text Segmentation by Language Using Minimum Description Length. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2012), pages 969–978, Jeju Island, Korea, July 2012. find
- Xi Yang and Wenxin Liang. An N-Gram-and-Wikipedia joint approach to Natural Language Identification. In Proceedings of the 4th International Universal Communication Symposium (IUCS 2010), pages 332–339, Beijing, China, 2010. find
- Noson S. Yanofsky. Towards a Definition of an Algorithm. Journal of Logic and Computation, 21(2):253–286, 2011. find
- Yin-Lai Yeong and Tien-Ping Tan. Language Identification of Code Switching Malay-English Words Using Syllable Structure Information. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Spoken Languages Technologies for Under-resourced Languages (SLTU’10), pages 142–145, Penang, Malaysia, 2010. find
- Yin-Lai Yeong and Tien-Ping Tan. Applying Grapheme, Word, and Syllable Information for Language Identification in Code Switching Sentences. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP 2011), pages 111–114, Penang, Malaysia, 2011. IEEE. find
- Jia-Li You, Yi-Ning Chen, Min Chu, Frank K. Soong, and Jin-Lin Wang. Identifying Language Origin of Named Entity with Multiple Information Sources. Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, IEEE Transactions on, 16(6):1077–1086, 2008. find
- Omar F. Zaidan and Chris Callison-Burch. The Arabic Online Commentary Dataset: An Annotated Dataset of Informal Arabic with High Dialectal Content. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies: short papers-Volume 2, pages 37… find
- Omar F. Zaidan and Chris Callison-Burch. Arabic Dialect Identification. Computational Linguistics, 40(1):171–202, 2014. find our card
- Juglar Dı́az Zamora, Adrian Fonseca Bruzón, and Reynier Ortega Bueno. Tweets Language Identification Using Feature Weighting. In Proceedings of the Tweet Language Identification Workshop 2014 co-located with 30th Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2014), pages… find
- Marcos Zampieri. Using Bag-of-words to Distinguish Similar Languages: How Efficient Are They? In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI), pages 37–41, Budapest, Hungary, 2013. find
- Marcos Zampieri. Automatic Language Identification. In Working with Text: Tools, Techniques and Approaches for Text Mining, chapter 8, pages 189–205. Elsevier, 2016. find
- Marcos Zampieri and Binyam Gebrekidan Gebre. Automatic Identification of Language Varieties: The Case of Portuguese. In Proceedings of The 11th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2012), pages 233–237, Vienna, Austria, 2012. find
- Marcos Zampieri and Binyam Gebrekidan Gebre. VarClass: An Open-source Language Identification Tool for Language Varieties. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2014), pages 3305–3308, Reykjavik, Iceland, 2014. find
- Marcos Zampieri, Binyam Gebrekidan Gebre, and Sascha Diwersy. N-gram Language Models and POS Distribution for the Identification of Spanish Varieties. In Proceedings of la 20ème conférence du Traitement Automatique du Langage Naturel (TALN), pages 580– 587, Sables d’Olonne, France, 2013. find
- Marcos Zampieri, Liling Tan, Nikola Ljubešić, and Jörg Tiedemann. A Report on the DSL Shared Task 2014. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying NLP Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 58–67, Dublin, Ireland, 2014. find
- Marcos Zampieri, Binyam Gebrekidan Gebre, Hernani Costa, and Josef van Genabith. Comparing Approaches to the Identification of Similar Languages. In Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects (LT4VarDial), pages 66–72, Hissar, Bulga… find
- Marcos Zampieri, Liling Tan, Nikola Ljubešić, Jörg Tiedemann, and Preslav Nakov. Overview of the DSL Shared Task 2015. In Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects (LT4VarDial), pages 1–9, Hissar, Bulgaria, 2015b. find
- Marcos Zampieri, Shervin Malmasi, Octavia-Maria Sulea, and Liviu P Dinu. A Computational Approach to the Study of Portuguese Newspapers Published in Macau. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing meets Journalism (NLPMJ 2016), pages 47–51, New York City, NY, USA, 2016. find
- Marcos Zampieri, Shervin Malmasi, Nikola Ljubešic, Preslav Nakov, Ahmed Ali, Jörg Tiedemann, Yves Scherrer, and Noëmi Aepli. Findings of the VarDial Evaluation Campaign 2017. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 1–15, Valencia, Spain, 2… find our card
- Andjelka Zecevic and Stasa Vujicic-Stankovic. The Mysterious Letter J. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Tools for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants, pages 40–44, Hissar, Bulgaria, 2013. find
- Wei Zhang, Robert A. J. Clark, Yongyuan Wang, and Wen Li. Unsupervised Language Identification Based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Computer Speech and Language, 39: 47–66, 2016. find
- Anna V. Zhdanova. Automatic Identification of European Languages. In Revised Papers of the Natural Language Processing and Information Systems - 6th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems, (NLDB 2002), pages 76–84, Stockholm, Sweden, 2002. find
- Ayah Zirikly, Bart Desmet, and Mona Diab. The GW/LT3 VarDial 2016 Shared Task System for Dialects and Similar Languages Detection. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 33–41, Osaka, Japan, 2016. find
- Arkaitz Zubiaga, Inaki San Vicente, Pablo Gamallo, José Ramom Pichel, Inaki Alegria, Nora Aranberri, Aitzol Ezeiza, and Vıctor Fresno. Overview of TweetLID: Tweet Language Identification at SEPLN 2014. In Proceedings of the Tweet Language Identification Workshop 2014 co-located with 30th Conference… find
- Arkaitz Zubiaga, Iñaki San Vicente, Pablo Gamallo, José Ramom Pichel, Iñaki Alegria, Nora Aranberri, Aitzol Ezeiza, and Vı́ctor Fresno. TweetLID: A Benchmark for Tweet Language Identification. Language Resources and Evaluation, 50 (4):729–766, 2016. ISSN 1574-020X. doi: 10.1007/s10579-015-9317-4.… — [doi:10.1007/s10579-015-9317-4](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-015-9317-4) find