Elamur Research⌕
☰
home / papers / 2026 / Derived Text Formats as Strategic Transformations of In-Copyright Materials to Support Open Science: A Survey

Derived Text Formats as Strategic Transformations of In-Copyright Materials to Support Open Science: A Survey

Paper · 2026 · Christof Schöch

Summary

Researchers who analyse contemporary texts computationally face a dilemma. They can restrict themselves to public-domain material and stay fully open, or they can study in-copyright collections such as newspapers and recent fiction and keep their data closed. This survey presents Derived Text Formats (DTFs) as a way around that trade-off. A DTF transforms protected texts into representations that remain useful for text and data mining but can be shared openly without breaching copyright. The author first reviews access-control alternatives: query platforms, on-site terminals, data capsules and legally capped sampling. He then argues that each of these limits reproducibility, sustainability or the ability to combine datasets. Next, he relates DTFs to neighbouring concepts, namely corpus masking, non-consumptive research and Extracted Features, and gives a process-oriented definition with typologies and examples. The survey also covers ongoing work on copyright law, the risk of reconstructing source texts, evaluation for specific research questions, and standardisation. It closes with a roadmap. Its value lies in consolidating a scattered, mostly Digital Humanities debate into one reference point for Open Science with copyrighted corpora.

Key points

  • Access-control approaches reviewed:
    • Online platforms, such as COSMAS/DeReKo, the DNB's korap with DeLiKo-XL, and ATILF's Frantext.
    • On-site access at the German National Library (DNB).
    • HathiTrust Research Center Data Capsules, which separate a maintenance mode from a secure mode.
    • XSamples, which relies on the 15% excerpt allowance in copyright law.
  • Related concepts:
    • Corpus masking (Rehm et al., 2007) keeps the annotation layers, for example of treebanks, and replaces word forms with placeholders.
    • Arnold and Jäschke (2026) add sparse partial text so that annotations can be re-merged with independently obtained originals.
  • Origin of the term: "Derived Text Formats" (German: abgeleitete Textformate) was coined by Schöch et al. (2020b).
  • Example resources cited:
    • HTRC Extracted Features (EF2.5)
    • Google Books Ngram dataset (v3)
    • DTF600 (600 French novels)
    • CONLIT
    • IDS Songkorpus
  • Standardisation and reconstructibility:
    • DIN 19,461 is a national German standard for DTFs.
    • The cited Vec2Text studies show that dense text embeddings can leak source content.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

 Institutions

🎓Universität TrierTrier · Germany8 works · 9 citations

 Fields, topics and concepts

📚 Shelves 7The field of science this work belongs to (OpenAlex fields).Computer Science · 16,667 worksArts and Humanities · 16,039 worksLanguage and Linguistics · 15,891 worksSocial Sciences · 1,772 worksInformation Systems · 1,437 worksGeneral Social Sciences · 227 worksLiterature and Literary Theory · 519 works

Cite

Cite as Christof Schöch. 2026. Derived Text Formats as Strategic Transformations of In-Copyright Materials to Support Open Science: A Survey. Proceedings of Leveraging Derived Text Formats to Unlock Copyrighted Collections for Open Science (DTF) @ LREC 2026.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.63317/29k2v5o6rudf

@inproceedings{schoch2026derived,
  title = {{Derived Text Formats as Strategic Transformations of In-Copyright Materials to Support Open Science: A Survey}},
  author = {Christof Schöch},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Leveraging Derived Text Formats to Unlock Copyrighted Collections for Open Science (DTF) @ LREC 2026},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.63317/29k2v5o6rudf},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/29k2v5o6rudf}
}

References

95 references, 4 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

  1. Noëmi Aepli and Rico Sennrich. 2022. Improving Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transfer Between Closely Related Languages by Injecting Character-Level Noise. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022, pages 4074–4083, Dublin, Ireland. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
  2. Ahmed Ahmed, A. Feder Cooper, Sanmi Koyejo, and Percy Liang. 2026. Extracting books from production language models. 12 This is all the more urgent and timely as the future of one of the largest such datasets, the HTRC’s Extracted Features dataset, is currently unclear; see https://web.archive.org/… ↗
  3. Micah Altman, Aloni Cohen, Francesca Falzon, Evangelia Anna Markatou, Kobbi Nissim, Michel Jose Reymond, Sidhant Saraogi, and Alexandra Wood. 2022. A principled approach to defining anonymization. find
  4. Melanie Andresen, Markus Gärtner, Sibylle Hermann, Janina Jacke, Nora Ketschik, Felicitas Kleinkopf, Jonas Kuhn, and Axel Pichler. 2023. Vorzüge von Auszügen – Urheberrechtlich geschützte Texte in den digitalen Geisteswissenschaften (nach-) nutzen. Zeitschrift für digitale Geisteswissenschaften, 202… find
  5. DIN 19461:2026-04 E. 2026. DIN 19461:2026-04 (e). Sprachressourcen und Sprachtechnologie -Abgeleitete Textformate (ATF). find
  6. J. Stephen Downie. 2015. The HathiTrust Research Center: Providing analytic access to the HathiTrust Digital Library’s 4.7 billion pages. In Proceedings of the 15th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, JCDL ’15, page 5, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery. find
  7. Frederik Arnold and Robert Jäschke. 2026. Sharing is Caring: A Text Alignment Approach for Sharing Annotations of Copyrighted Texts. In New Trends in Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries, pages 135–145, Cham. Springer Natur. find
  8. Keli Du. 2023. Understanding the impact of three derived text formats on authorship classification with delta. In Open Humanities, Open Culture: 9. Jahrestagung des Verbands Digital Humanities im deutschsprachigen Raum (DHd2023). Zenodo. find
  9. Florian Barth, George Dogaru, Tillmann Dönicke, and Mathias Göbel. 2025. Infrastructures for a Community-Developed Text Processing Library. Selected Contributions of the 5th Conference for Research Software Engineering in Germany, 85. find
  10. Keli Du, Sarah Ackerschewski, Uygar Navruz, Nazan Sınır, Julian Valline, and Christof Schöch. 2025. Reconstructing shuffled text. bad results for nlp, but good news for using in-copyright texts. Journal of Computational Literary Studies, 4(1). find
  11. Julien Baudry. 2023. Les non-consumptive research uses des ressources numériques. find
  12. R. Barker Bausell. 2021. The Problem with Science: The Reproducibility Crisis and What to Do About It. Oxford University Press. find
  13. Keli Du, Julia Dudar, and Christof Schöch. 2022. Evaluation of measures of distinctiveness: Classification of literary texts on the basis of distinctive words. Journal of Computational Literary Studies. find
  14. Sayan Bhattacharyya, Peter Organisciak, and J. Stephen Downie. 2015. A Fragmentizing Interface to a Large Corpus of Digitized Text: (Post)humanism and Non-consumptive Reading via Features. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 40(1):61–77. find
  15. Keli Du and Christof Schöch. 2024. Shifting Sentiments? What happens to BERT-based Sentiment Classification when derived text formats are used for fine-tuning. In Digital Humanities Conference 2024: Book of Abstracts, Lisbon. ADHO. find
  16. Kevin Borders, Eric Vander Weele, Billy Lau, and Atul Prakash. 2009. Protecting Confidential Data on Personal Computers with Storage Capsules. In 18th USENIX Security Symposium, Montreal, Canada, August 10-14, 2009, Proceedings, pages 367–382. USENIX Association. find
  17. Keli Du and Christof Schöch. 2026a. A multidimensional constrained framework for derived text formats. In Leveraging Derived Text Formats to Unlock Copyrighted Collections for Open Science (Workshop at LREC 2026). find
  18. Maurizio Borghi and Stavroula Karapapa. 2011. Non-display uses of copyright works: Google Books and beyond. Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property, 1(1):21–52. find
  19. Keli Du and Christof Schöch. 2026b. Why reconstructing scrambled texts fails: A structural analysis of reconstruction outputs. In Leveraging Derived Text Formats to Unlock Copyrighted Collections for Open Science (Workshop at LREC 2026). find
  20. Jean-Claude Burgelman, Corina Pascu, Katarzyna Szkuta, Rene Von Schomberg, Athanasios Kar-alopoulos, Konstantinos Repanas, and Michel Schouppe. 2019. Open Science, Open Data, and Open Scholarship: European Policies to Make Science Fit for the Twenty-First Century. Frontiers in Big Data, 2. find
  21. Lee Andrew Bygrave. 2014. Data Privacy Law: An International Perspective. Oxford University Press. find
  22. Katharina De La Durantaye and Benjamin Raue. 2020. Urheberrecht und Zugang in einer digitalen Welt – Urheberrechtliche Fragestellungen des Zugangs für Gedächtnisinstitutionen und die Digital Humanities. RuZ - Recht und Zugang, 1(1):83–94. find
  23. José Calvo Tello, Mathias Göbel, Ubbo Veentjer, Stefan E. Funk, Nanette Rißler-Pipka, and Keli Du. 2024. FAIR Derived Data in TEI and its Publication in the TextGrid Repository. Journal of the Text Encoding Initiative, 2024(18). find
  24. Jennifer Ecker and Roman Schneider. 2026. Multi-label text classification of derived text formats with distilbert. In Leveraging Derived Text Formats to Unlock Copyrighted Collections for Open Science (Workshop at LREC 2026). find
  25. Maciej Eder. 2013. Mind your corpus: Systematic errors in authorship attribution. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 28(4):603–614. as a case study. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 34(4):825–843. find
  26. Matthew Honnibal and Ines Montani. 2015–2026. spacy: Industrial-strength natural language processing in python. find
  27. European Union. 2016. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. find
  28. Gianna Iacino, Pawel Kamocki, and Keli Du. 2026. Legal implications of derived text formats – a copyright perspective. In Leveraging Derived Text Formats to Unlock Copyrighted Collections for Open Science (Workshop at LREC 2026). find
  29. European Union. 2019. Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC. find
  30. Gianna Iacino, Paweł Kamocki, Keli Du, Christof Schöch, Andreas Witt, Philippe Genêt, and José Calvo Tello. 2025. Legal status of Derived Text Formats – 2nd deliverable of Text+ AG Legal and Ethical Issues –. RuZ – Recht und Zugang, 2025(3):149–172. find
  31. Frank Fischer and Robert Jäschke. 2022. Ein quantum literatur. empirische daten zu einer theorie des literarischen textumfangs. In Fotis Jannidis, editor, Digitale Literaturwissenschaft: DFG-Symposion 2017, pages 777–812. Metzler, Stuttgart. find
  32. Fotis Jannidis, Philippe Genêt, Leonard Konle, Marc Kupietz, Steffen Martus, Carolin Müller-Spitzer, and Samira Ochs. 2026. Empirische Untersuchungen zur Gegenwartsliteratur. Das Literatur-Korpus DeLiKo@DNB und erste Analysen. In Digital Humanities im deutschsprachigen Raum 2026, Vienna. DHd-Verband… find
  33. Andrea Gadotti, Luc Rocher, Florimond Houssiau, Ana-Maria Creţu, and Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye. 2024. Anonymization: The imperfect science of using data while preserving privacy. Science Advances, 10(29):eadn7053. find
  34. Jacob Jett, Boris Capitanu, Deren Kudeki, Timothy Cole, Yuerong Hu, Peter Organisciak, Ted Underwood, Eleanor Dickson Koehl, Ryan Dubnicek, and J. Stephen Downie. 2020. The HathiTrust Research Center Extracted Features Dataset (2.0). find
  35. Philippe Genêt, José Calvo Tello, Florian Barth, Peter Leinen, and Christof Schöch. 2025. Abgeleitete Textformate: Die Chance für Bibliotheken und Wissenschaft zugleich [slides]. find
  36. Elizabeth Gibney. 2022. Could machine learning fuel a reproducibility crisis in science? Nature, 608(7922):250–251. find
  37. Jacob Jett, Timothy W. Cole, Christopher Maden, and J. Stephen Downie. 2016. The HathiTrust Research Center Workset Ontology: A Descriptive Framework for Non-Consumptive Research Collections. Journal of Open Humanities Data, 2:e1. find
  38. Paul Goldstein and Peter Bernt Hugenholtz. 2013. International Copyright: Principles, Law, and Practice, 3rd ed edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford. find
  39. Moon-Ho Joo and Hun-Yeong Kwon. 2023. Comparison of personal information de-identification policies and laws within the EU, the US, Japan, and South Korea. Government Information Quarterly, 40(2):101805. find
  40. Travis Greene, Galit Shmueli, Soumya Ray, and Jan Fell. 2019. Adjusting to the GDPR: The Impact on Data Scientists and Behavioral Researchers. Big Data, 7(3):140–162. find
  41. Florian Jotzo. 2020. Der Schutz großer Textbestände nach dem UrhG – Die Nutzbarmachung fremder Textbestände für die Forschung. RuZ - Recht und Zugang, 1(2):128–142. find
  42. Karina Grisse. 2020. Nutzbarmachung urheberrechtlich geschützter Textbestände für die Forschung durch Dritte – Rechtliche Bedingungen und Möglichkeiten. RuZ - Recht und Zugang, 1(2):143–159. find
  43. Paweł Kamocki. 2018. The argument for ‘non-consumptive use’ in the EU: How copyright could be redefined to allow text and data mining. In Intellectual Property Perspectives on the Regulation of New Technologies, pages 237–258. Edward Elgar Publishing. find
  44. Johannes B. Gruber and Wouter H. van Atteveldt. 2025. Sharing is Caring (about Research): Three Avenues for Sharing (Protected) Text Collections and the Need for Non-Consumptive Research. find
  45. Mark J Hill and Simon Hengchen. 2019. Quantifying the impact of dirty OCR on historical text analysis: Eighteenth Century Collections Online Dario Kampkaspar, Frank Fischer, and Peer Trilcke. 2015. Introducing Our ’Zwischenformat’. find
  46. Martin Kocula. 2021. Volltext vs. abgeleitetes textformat: Systematische evaluation der perfor-manz von topic modeling bei unterschiedlichen textformaten mit python. find
  47. Rita Matulionyte. 2016. 10 years for Google Books and Europeana: Copyright law lessons that the EU could learn from the USA. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 24(1):44– 71. find
  48. Kai Kugler, Simon Münker, Johannes Höhmann, and Achim Rettinger. 2024. InvBERT: Reconstructing text from contextualized word embeddings by inverting the BERT pipeline. Journal of Computational Literary Studies, 3(1). find
  49. Louis Menand, editor. 1996. The Future of Academic Freedom. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. find
  50. Marc Kupietz, Harald Lüngen, Paweł Kamocki, and Andreas Witt. 2018. The German Reference Corpus DeReKo: New Developments–New Opportunities. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018). LREC. find
  51. Jean-Baptiste Michel, Yuan Kui Shen, Aviva Presser Aiden, Adrian Veres, Matthew K. Gray, The Google Books Team, Joseph P. Pickett, Dale Hoiberg, Dan Clancy, Peter Norvig, Jon Orwant, Steven Pinker, Martin A. Nowak, and Erez Lieberman Aiden. 2011. Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Di… find
  52. Glen Layne-Worthey. 2024. Copyright Is the Lock; Non-Expressive Fair Use Is the Key: Research with In-Copyright Texts. In The Routledge Companion to Libraries, Archives, and the Digital Humanities. Routledge. find
  53. Véronique Montémont. 2020. De Frantext 1 à Frantext 2: La cure de jouvence d’une vieille dame. La lexicographie informatisée: les vocabulaires nationaux dans un contexte européen. find
  54. John Morris, Volodymyr Kuleshov, Vitaly Shmatikov, and Alexander Rush. 2023. Text Embeddings Reveal (Almost) As Much As Text. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 12448–12460, Singapore. Association for Computational Linguistics.
  55. Timm Lehmberg, Georg Rehm, Andreas Witt, and Felix Zimmermann. 2008. Digital Text Collections, Linguistic Research Data, and Mashups: Notes on the Legal Situation. Library Trends, 57(1):52–71. find
  56. Piroska Lendvai, Uwe Reichel, Anna Jouravel, Achim Rabus, and Elena Renje. 2025. Instruction Finetuning to Attribute Language Stage, Dialect, and Provenance Region to Historical Church Slavic Texts. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing… find
  57. Peter Organisciak and J. Stephen Downie. 2021. Research access to in-copyright texts in the humanities. In Koraljka Golub and Ying-Hsang Liu, editors, Information and Knowledge Organisation in Digital Humanities, pages 157–177. Routledge. find
  58. Nicholas D. Paige. 2020. Technologies of the Novel. Quantitative Data and the Evolution of Literary Systems. Cambridge University Press. find
  59. Jacob T. Levy. 2026. Conceptualizing Academic Freedom. Annual Review of Political Science. find
  60. Roxana Patras, Carolin Odebrecht, Ioana Galleron, Rosario Arias, J. Berenike Herrmann, Cvetana Krstev, Katja Poniž Mihurko, and Dmytro Yesypenko. 2021. Thresholds to the ’great unread’: Titling practices in eleven eltec collections. Interférences littéraires/Literaire interferen-ties, 25:163–187. find
  61. Neil A. Jr. Lewis. 2020. Open Communication Science: A Primer on Why and Some Recommendations for How. Communication Methods and Measures, 14(2):71–82. find
  62. Yuri Lin, Jean-Baptiste Michel, Erez Aiden Lieberman, Jon Orwant, Will Brockman, and Slav Petrov. 2012. Syntactic Annotations for the Google Books NGram Corpus. In Proceedings of the ACL 2012 System Demonstrations, pages 169–174. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
  63. David Peloquin, Michael DiMaio, Barbara Bierer, and Mark Barnes. 2020. Disruptive and avoidable: GDPR challenges to secondary research uses of data. European Journal of Human Genetics, 28(6):697–705. find
  64. Roger Peng. 2015. The Reproducibility Crisis in Science: A Statistical Counterattack. Significance, 12(3):30–32. find
  65. Thomas Margoni and Martin Kretschmer. 2022. A Deeper Look into the EU Text and Data Mining Exceptions: Harmonisation, Data Ownership, and the Future of Technology. GRUR International, 71(8):685–701. find
  66. Andrew Piper. 2022a. Biodiversity is not declining in fiction. Journal of Cultural Analytics, 7(3):768. find
  67. Andrew Piper. 2022b. The CONLIT Dataset of Contemporary Literature. Journal of Open Humanities Data, 8(0). find
  68. Christof Schöch, Frédéric Döhl, Achim Rettinger, Evelyn Gius, Peer Trilcke, Peter Leinen, Fotis Jannidis, Maria Hinzmann, and Jörg Röpke. 2020a. Abgeleitete Textformate: Prinzip und Beispiele. Recht und Zugang, 1(2):160–175. find
  69. Benjamin Raue. 2017. Text und Data Mining. Computer und Recht, 33(10):656–662. find
  70. Christof Schöch, Frédéric Döhl, Achim Rettinger, Evelyn Gius, Peer Trilcke, Peter Leinen, Fotis Jannidis, Maria Hinzmann, and Jörg Röpke. 2020b. Abgeleitete Textformate: Text und Data Mining mit urheberrechtlich geschützten Textbeständen. Zeitschrift für digitale Geisteswissenschaften, 5. find
  71. Benjamin Raue. 2022. Text und Data Mining in Einrichtungen des Kulturerbes – Die neuen Möglichkeiten des § 60d UrhG n.F. aus Sicht von Gedächtniseinrichtungen. RuZ - Recht und Zugang, 3(1):4–18. find
  72. Benjamin Raue and Christof Schöch. 2020. Zugang zu großen Textkorpora des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts mit Hilfe abgeleiteter Textformate – Versöhnung von Urheberrecht und textbasierter Forschung. Recht und Zugang, 1(2):118–127. find
  73. Dominykas Seputis, Yongkang Li, Karsten Langerak, and Serghei Mihailov. 2025. Rethinking the Privacy of Text Embeddings: A Reproducibility Study of “Text Embeddings Reveal (Almost) As Much As Text”. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, RecSys ’25, pages 822–831, Ne…
  74. Georg Rehm, Thorsten Trippel, and Andreas Witt. 2026. Revisiting masking after fifteen years: Early approaches to non-reconstructable linguistic data in the current context. In Leveraging Derived Text Formats to Unlock Copyrighted Collections for Open Science (Workshop at LREC 2026).
  75. Oleg Sobchuk and Bret Beheim. 2025. Does literature evolve one funeral at a time? Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 292(2040):20242033. find
  76. Georg Rehm, Andreas Witt, Heike Zinsmeister, and Johannes Dellert. 2007a. Corpus masking: Legally bypassing licensing restrictions for the free distribution of text collections. In Digital Humanities 2007. Conference Abstracts, pages 166–170, Urbana-Champaign. University of Illinois. find
  77. Dorothy Henriette Modrall Sperling, Mike Kestemont, and Vincent Neyt. 2024. The Authorship of Stephen King’s Books Written Under the Pseudonym “Richard Bachman”: A Stylometric Analysis. Journal of Computational Literary Studies, 2(1). find
  78. Georg Rehm, Andreas Witt, Heike Zinsmeister, and Johannes Dellert. 2007b. Masking Treebanks for the Free Distribution of Linguistic Resources and Other Applications. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories, volume 1 of NEALT Proceedings Series, pages 1… find
  79. Thorsten Trippel, Florian Barth, Jose Calvo Tello, Phillipe Genêt, Piroska Lendvai, and Christof Schöch. 2026. Din 19461: A national standard for derived text formats. In Leveraging Derived Text Formats to Unlock Copyrighted Collections for Open Science (Workshop at LREC 2026).
  80. Mark Rose. 1994. Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright, 2. print edition. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. find
  81. Ted Underwood. 2014. Understanding Genre in a Collection of a Million Volumes. White Paper Report, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. find
  82. Rachael G Samberg and Cody Hennesy. 2019. Law and Literacy in Non-Consumptive Text Mining: Guiding Researchers Through the Landscape of Computational Text Analysis. In Copyright Conversations: Rights Literacy in a Digital World. UC Berkeley. find
  83. W. Gregory Voss. 2016. European Union Data Privacy Law Reform: General Data Protection Regulation, Privacy Shield, and the Right to Delisting. The Business Lawyer, 72(1):221–234. find
  84. Lun Wang, Joseph P. Near, Neel Somani, Peng Gao, Andrew Low, David Dao, and Dawn Song. 2019. Data Capsule: A New Paradigm for Automatic Compliance with Data Privacy Regulations. In Heterogeneous Data Management, Polystores, and Analytics for Healthcare, pages 3–23, Cham. Springer International Publi… find
  85. Roman Schneider. 2022. Zwischen Schriftlichkeit und Mündlichkeit: Songtexte in der deskriptiven Sprachforschung. Sprachreport, 38(1):38–50. find
  86. Susan Schreibman. 2014. Non-Consumptive Reading. In Naomi Segal and Daniela Koleva, editors, From Literature to Cultural Literacy, pages 148– 165. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London. find
  87. Angus Whyte and Graham Pryor. 2011. Open Science in Practice: Researcher Perspectives and Participation. International Journal of Digital Curation, 6(1):199–213. find
  88. Ngram-Dataset. 2020. Google Books Ngram Viewer Dataset. Google, v3. PID https://storage.googleapis.com/ books/ngrams/books/datasetsv3.html. ↗
  89. Mark D. Wilkinson, Michel Dumontier, IJsbrand Jan Aalbersberg, Gabrielle Appleton, Myles Axton, Arie Baak, Niklas Blomberg, Jan-Willem Boiten, Luiz Bonino da Silva Santos, Philip E. Bourne, Jildau Bouwman, Anthony J. Brookes, Tim Clark, Mercè Crosas, Ingrid Dillo, Olivier Dumon, Scott Edmunds, Chris… find
  90. Songkorpus. 2022. Abgeleitete Textformate zu pop-kultureller Sprache. Edited by Roman Schneider. Leibniz-Institut für deutsche Sprache (IDS). PID https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de/download. ↗
  91. Jiaan Zeng, Guangchen Ruan, Alexander Crowell, Atul Prakash, and Beth Plale. 2014. Cloud computing data capsules for non-consumptiveuse of texts. In Proceedings of the 5th ACM Workshop on Scientific Cloud Computing, pages 9–16, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery. find
  92. Shengyao Zhuang, Bevan Koopman, Xiaoran Chu, and Guido Zuccon. 2024. Understanding and Mitigating the Threat of Vec2Text to Dense Retrieval Systems. In Proceedings of the 2024 Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval in the Asia Pacific Region, S… find
  93. Language Resource References CONLIT. 2022. CONLIT. Edited by Andrew Piper. Figshare. PID https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21166171.v1. — [doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21166171.v1](https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21166171.v1) ↗
  94. DTF600. 2025. 600 French Novels in Derived Text Format. Edited by Christof Schöch, Keli Du, and Julia Röttgermann. Beyond Words, 1.0. PID https://github.com/Zeta-and-Company/dtf600. ↗
  95. EF2.5. 2025. The HathiTrust Research Center Extracted Features Dataset (2.5). Edited by John A Walsh et al. HathiTrust Research Center, 2.5. PID https://doi.org/10.13012/PXP0-F135. — [doi:10.13012/pxp0-f135](https://doi.org/10.13012/pxp0-f135) ↗

Updated

↑ back to top

This page in Markdown → https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schoch-2026-derived-text-formats-as-strategic/