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Recognizing Implicit Discourse Relations in the Penn Discourse Treebank

Summary

Discourse relations that carry no explicit connective, such as "because" or "but", are much harder to identify automatically than those that do. Before this paper, few published studies had tried to classify them. Lin, Kan and Ng built one of the first classifiers for these implicit relations on the second release of the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB 2.0). The PDTB 2.0 adds discourse annotation to the Wall Street Journal corpus. The task is to assign one of 11 Level 2 relation types to each pair of adjacent arguments. The authors trained a maximum entropy model on four kinds of features: contextual features, constituent-parse features, dependency-parse features and word-pair features. The contextual features capture how a relation is linked to the relations just before and after it. Using gold-standard argument spans, the system reached 40.2% accuracy, 14.1 points above the majority-class baseline. An error analysis found four obstacles: ambiguity between relation types, the need for semantic inference, dependence on wider context, and missing world knowledge. The work set an early reference point for implicit relation recognition, which matters for summarization, question answering and textual entailment.

Key points

  • Data: implicit relations from PDTB 2.0, trained on WSJ Sections 2–21. Five rare Level 2 types were dropped, leaving 11 types and 13,366 training instances. Cause (~25.6%), Conjunction (~22.3%) and Restatement (~19.2%) are the most frequent.
  • Model: a maximum entropy classifier using binary features. Contextual features come from neighbouring relations (two dependency patterns between relations: fully embedded and shared arguments) and from the connectives of adjacent explicit relations. The other features are constituent and dependency parse features and word pairs.
  • Result: 40.2% accuracy against a majority baseline of about 26.1%, an absolute gain of 14.1 points.
  • Comparison with earlier work: the authors argue that "implicit" data made by deleting connectives from explicit relations, as in Marcu & Echihabi (2002), differs from naturally implicit relations.
  • Error analysis: Contrast is often mislabelled as Conjunction. Some relations can only be resolved with formal-semantic reasoning, long-range context or world knowledge (for example, the "Trojan Horse" metaphor).

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Linguistics & languages

Topics: Discourse analysis · Treebanks

Cited by

138 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 73 of them have a page here, 65 not yet.

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

@inproceedings{lin2009recognizing,
  title = {{Recognizing Implicit Discourse Relations in the Penn Discourse Treebank}},
  author = {Lin, Ziheng and Kan, Min-Yen and Ng, Hwee Tou},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2009},
  doi = {10.3115/1699510.1699555},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3115/1699510.1699555}
}

References

19 references, 11 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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  8. Daniel Marcu and Abdessamad Echihabi. 2002. An unsupervised approach to recognizing discourse relations. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2002), pages 368–375, Morristown, NJ, USA. find our card
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