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Introduction to the Special Issue on Word Sense Disambiguation: The State of the Art

Summary

This survey, which opens a Computational Linguistics special issue, reviews about fifty years of work on word sense disambiguation (WSD). WSD means choosing the right meaning of an ambiguous word from its context. The authors present it as an "intermediate task": it is rarely useful by itself, but machine translation, information retrieval, content analysis, parsing, speech processing and text correction all depend on it. They trace the field from Weaver's machine translation memorandum and early domain-specific microglossaries, through AI-based semantic networks, to the corpus-driven statistical methods of the 1990s. They split approaches into two groups: knowledge-driven methods, which draw on dictionaries, thesauri and similar resources, and data-driven methods, which learn from previously disambiguated corpus examples. They also discuss how hard it is to define senses at all, and they compare evaluation outside applications (in vitro) with evaluation inside them (in vivo). Their main conclusion is that real progress has been modest. Reported accuracies near 90% usually come from a few words, mostly nouns, with coarse sense distinctions. They recommend grounding future work in lexical semantics, for example generative lexicons, and testing WSD inside real applications.

Key points

  • Kaplan (1950) gave ambiguous words to seven translators. Seeing two words on each side resolved meaning about as well as seeing the whole sentence, and later studies on Russian and French found the same.
  • Bar-Hillel (1960) used The box is in the pen to argue that automatic disambiguation was out of reach. His view fed into the ALPAC report (1966), which led to most MT research being dropped.
  • Masterman built the first machine-implemented knowledge base from Roget's Thesaurus. She applied it to translating Virgil's Georgics by finding overlapping thesaurus heads among words in the same sentence, an idea that anticipates modern knowledge-based WSD.
  • Results from using WSD in information retrieval are mixed:
    • Krovetz and Croft (1992) saw only a slight gain.
    • Voorhees (1993) and Sanderson (1994) found that imprecise disambiguation made retrieval worse.
    • Schütze and Pedersen (1995) reported a 14.4% improvement by combining word-based and sense-based search.
  • The authors argue that senses taken from ordinary dictionaries are too narrow a basis for WSD. They also suggest WSD may ultimately be measurable only within specific tasks.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Natural language processing

Topics: Word sense disambiguation

Cited by

78 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 3 of them have a page here, 75 not yet.

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

@article{ide1998introduction,
  title = {{Introduction to the Special Issue on Word Sense Disambiguation: The State of the Art}},
  author = {Ide, Nancy and Véronis, Jean},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1998},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/J98-1001/}
}

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