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Adjectives relate individuals to states: Evidence from the two readings of English Determiner + Adjective

Paper · 2019 · Lelia Glass

Summary

The paper asks whether adjectives, like verbs in neo-Davidsonian semantics, carry a hidden state argument. Many accounts of adjective meaning reject or ignore this view. Glass tests it against English Determiner + Adjective phrases such as the old, which have two readings. The individuated reading denotes old people and takes plural agreement. The mass reading denotes something like oldness and takes singular agreement. Using naturally occurring web examples, she shows that both readings are far more productive than earlier work suggested. She then derives both readings from a single lexical entry, λxλs[old(s) ∧ holder(x,s)]. Existentially closing the state argument yields a predicate of individuals, which gives the individuated reading. Closing the individual argument yields a predicate of states, which gives the mass reading. Mass uses combine with duration, location and manner expressions (the crazy lasted two months). States can occupy time and space, but degrees cannot, so these data favour states over a degree-only analysis. The result links adjectives to event semantics, to -ness nominalizations and to the philosophical two-sidedness of properties.

Key points

  • The construction has two readings. On the individuated reading, the old are happier has plural count-like agreement. On the mass reading, the old is never ordinary has singular mass-like agreement.
  • The evidence comes from web-attested examples, with contexts and URLs supplied in Supplementary File 1. These examples show that both readings are productive.
  • One state-based entry yields both readings through existential closure of either the individual x or the state s. This builds on King (2018) and an earlier version of the work (Glass 2014).
  • Mass uses and -ness nouns accept temporal, spatial and manner predicates, such as the sad lasted for an hour, the rugged beautiful of Koehn Lake and the happiness lasted. The paper treats this as support for states over degrees.
  • The pattern parallels verb nominalizations. The individuated reading resembles participant nouns, and the mass reading resembles event nouns. Analogous constructions exist in Dutch, Greek, French, Spanish and Slovak.

Interesting ideas

  • I1. An adjective can be modelled as a two-place relation between a holder and a state, just as a verb relates participants to an event, so one representation serves predicates of both categories.
  • I2. A single lexical entry can produce two readings depending on which argument gets closed, which avoids listing separate senses.
  • I3. Subject–verb agreement serves as a surface diagnostic that separates the two readings: plural marks people, singular marks the abstract quality.
  • I4. Compatibility with "last", "is located in" or manner modifiers can test whether an expression denotes something in time and space (a state) rather than an abstract measure (a degree).
  • I5. Harvesting naturally occurring web examples to challenge claims of low productivity is a cheap way to check a grammar's coverage.

For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

  • I1 (world): Give adjectival predications explicit state nodes with a holder link, so that later mentions like "it didn't last" can refer back to the state itself.
  • I2 (frames): When a determiner precedes a bare adjective, build the frame from one entry and pick the people reading or the quality reading, rather than storing two senses.
  • I3 (tree): Use number agreement on the verb to choose the analysis of a nounless "the + ADJ" subject and to flag silver parses whose agreement contradicts the chosen reading.
  • I4 (world): Apply the same test to decide whether a nominalized quality gets a duration and location on the timeline of the text or remains a scalar value.
  • I5 (learn): Mine corpora for attested "the + ADJ" subjects and use them as test cases for the tagger and parser, alongside negative controls with a real head noun.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

 Institutions

🎓Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta · United States133 works · 24,497 citations

 Fields, topics and concepts

📚 Shelves 6The field of science this work belongs to (OpenAlex fields).Computer Science · 16,667 worksArtificial Intelligence · 16,194 worksArts and Humanities · 16,039 worksLanguage and Linguistics · 15,891 worksPsychology · 1,552 worksExperimental and Cognitive Psychology · 870 works

🧭 Topics 1Research subjects and languages the work is about.English · 2,263 works

Cite

Cite as Lelia Glass. 2019. Adjectives relate individuals to states: Evidence from the two readings of English Determiner + Adjective. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.5334/gjgl.552

@article{glass2019adjectives,
  title = {{Adjectives relate individuals to states: Evidence from the two readings of English Determiner + Adjective}},
  author = {Lelia Glass},
  journal = {Glossa: a journal of general linguistics},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.5334/gjgl.552},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.552}
}

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  80. How to cite this article: Glass, Lelia. 2019. Adjectives relate individuals to states: Evidence from the two readings of English Determiner + Adjective. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 4(1): 24. 1–32, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ gjgl.552 ↗
  81. Submitted: 24 October 2017 find
  82. Accepted: 23 November 2018 find
  83. Published: 05 February 2019 find
  84. Copyright: © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics is a peer-reviewed open access journal published by Ubiquity Press. OPEN ACCESS ↗

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