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Decolonising Speech and Language Technology

Summary

This COLING 2020 position paper argues that speech and language technology (SLT) work on Indigenous languages often repeats colonial patterns. Languages get treated as raw data to extract, while the people who hold knowledge about them are pushed aside. Steven Bird draws on five years living in an Aboriginal community in Arnhem Land, northern Australia, and on work in linguistics, anthropology and design. He critiques the assumed pipeline in which documentation and technology are expected to revive endangered languages. He examines three common framings: the "zero resource scenario", the demand for clean "gold data", and the label "unwritten languages". Each one, he shows, devalues local expertise and oral practice. The paper offers no corpus, model or benchmark; its contribution is conceptual. It proposes reframing SLT engagement around participatory design, relationship-first projects, Indigenous-directed funding, and a focus on children and intergenerational transmission. This matters because the field has never systematically tested whether its tools improve language survival. It also treats Indigenous languages as merely under-resourced, when they differ in kind in how language functions.

Key points

  • The paper contrasts two implicit models: a "Language Documentation Mechanism" (Fig. 1) and a "Language Technology Mechanism" (Fig. 2). In both, speakers have little agency. After about 25 years there is little evidence that documentation has saved languages.
  • Bird rejects zero-resource and unsupervised discovery framings, such as inferring phone inventories from audio alone. For every language some resources already exist: wordlists, a known language family, related languages, texts and speakers.
  • Calls at the 2019 UNESCO event "Language Technologies for All" in Paris were met with Indigenous pushback. Lorna Williams (Lil'wat) stressed working from community perspectives. At an Australian forum, Callum Clayton-Dixon (Anaiwan) put priority on country and people rather than apps.
  • By the author's estimate, roughly 10% of languages fit the view of language as interchangeable data. The other ~90% are largely oral, emergent and tied to place. The world has about 370 million Indigenous people.
  • Practical suggestions include:
    • treating proposals as space for later co-design;
    • building sequences of projects that start with small pilots;
    • routing funds directly to Indigenous organisations;
    • viewing decolonisation as an ongoing process rather than a finished state.

Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.

Fields: Natural language processing

Topics: Low-resource languages

Institutions

🎓Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin · Australia2 works · 254 citations

Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.313

@inproceedings{bird2020decolonising,
  title = {{Decolonising Speech and Language Technology}},
  author = {Bird, Steven},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.313},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.313}
}

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